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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I fii^i^aatSi iLiPj @li@H|LM§;f lii -^ff IniAiea — Dot too Kreat tor use in the vertical position. LENSES OF THE M1CE08C0PB. Fig. % shows the arrangement of lenses, including a high-power objective of the Wenham construction. The objective A is provided with one simple and two compound lenses. The lens B, nearest the object, and the one upon which the magnifying power mainly depends, is an hemisphere of crown glass. Such a figured glass possesses both chromatic and spherical aberration in high degree. These faults are corrected by the compound flint and crown lenses, C and D, placed above the hemispherical glass. The eye-piece consists of two crown glass, phmo-convei lenses, with LENSEe OF TEE MICBOBCOPE, their plane surface upward. The lower, E, is known as the field-lens, the upper, F, as the eye-lens. Bye-pieoea add very materially to the magnifying power of the instrument, and are conatnicted of varions strengths depending upon the curvature of the lenses. They are FiQ. S.— DuaBAK BHOwina t named according to power. A, B, C, etc. The medium, B, is more commonly employed. The microscope prerioiisly described stands, with the draw-tube in place, about ten and one-half inches high; and represeuts the in- 4 PRAOTIOAL MICEOSCOPY. struments used in the New York University Laboratory of Biology and Pathology. They were constructed by Schrauer, of this city, costing about fifty-five dollars each. They are provided with a single «ye-piece, and Hartnack objectives Nos. 2 and 7, giving from 30 to 400 diameters. Such an instrument is well adapted to the work of normal and pathological histology, though a condenser * should be attached below the stage and in the optical axis for high-power work with immersion lenses, and especially for bacteriological research. The stand is a rigid one, and if the height of the table upon which it is placed, and the chair of the observer be in a proper relation, no discomfort need be experienced in using the microscope in the verti- cal position. ADJUSTMENT OF THE MICROSCOPE. The microscope should be placed in front of the observer, on a table of such height that, when seated, he may, by slightly inclining the head, and without bending the body, bring the eye easily over the eye-piece. The slightest straining of the body or neck should be avoided. The light should always be taken from the side, and it matters little which side. Clouds or clear sky serve as the best source of light for our present work. Always avoid direct sunlight. If artificial illumination be employed — though it is not advised for prolonged investigation — a small coal-oil flame may be tempered by blue glass. ADJUSTMENT FOR ILLUMINATION. It will be observed that there are two mirrors in the circular frame below the stage — one plane and the other concave. The latter will be employed almost exclusively in the work of this volume ; and its curvature is such that parallel rays, impinging upon its surface, are focussed about two inches from the mirror. It will also be noticed * A non-achromatic condenser, after the formula of Abb6, of Jena, is in quite general use in this country. Its value has been very markedly increased here by the addition of a rack-and-pinion motion. In use for high power work with tissues, it is first placed so that the plane surface of the upper lens is in con- tact with the under surface of the glass slip holding the object to be exam- ined. Light is then reflected into the condenser as usual, excepting that the plane mirror is employed. This will give a strong illumination, but too diffuse for tissues. The light is then modified by diaphragms, or by racking the con- denser downward until the best effect is secured. For bacterial search the strong illumination is employed. This gives prominence to the stained mi- crobes, as the other elements in the field are lost in the excess of diffuse light. ADJDTSTMENT FOB FOCUS. 5^ that the bar, carrying the mirror-fork, may be made to swing the mirror from side to side. The work which we are about to under- take is of such a character as to require the avoidance of oblique il- lumination. We must, therefore, keep our mirror-bar strictly in the vertical position. If — the mirror-bar being vertical — a line bo drawn from the centre of the face of the mirror, through the opening (dia- phragm) in the stage, passing on through the objective, and so con- tinued upward through the body and the eye-piece, such a line would pass through the optical axis. The centre of the face of the mirror must be in this axis. If, then, having gotten the mirror-bar properly fixed once for all, the light from the adjacent right or left hand window impinges upon the concave surface of the mirror, and the latter be properly inclined, the rays will pass through the diaphragm in the stage, and become focussed a little above the same. The light rays will afterward diverge, enter the objective, and finally reach the eye of the observer. The field of view (as the area seen in the microscope is termed) we will suppose to have been properly illuminated— and by this I mean that it presents as a clear, evenly lighted area. Turn all the factors spoken of out of adjustment, and proceed to readjust. Observe that> if the mirror be turned — not swung — slightly out of proper position, one side of the field will appear dim or cloudy : this must be corrected, and the student must practise until this adjustment becomes easy of accomplishment. Then proceed to the ADJUSTMENT FOB FOCUS. Observe that the largest opening in the stage diaphragm is in the optical axis. Swing the low-power objective into use, and rack the tube up or down until it is about one inch from the stage. Place a mounted object upon the stage (a stained section of some organ — say kidney — will be preferable). Examine the field through the eye-piece, and it will be found obscured by the stained object, and perhaps a dim notion of figure may be made out. Rack the body down carefully, watching the effect. The image becomes more and more distinct until, at a certain point, the best effect is secured. The object is in focus. Note carefully the distance between the object and the objective (with the Hartnack No. 2 this will be about seven-eighths of an inch), and hereafter you will be able to focus more quickly. Having observed the details of structure as shown with the inch objective, swing the high power into use. Rack the tube down, until the objective is about one-eighth of an inch from the glass covering 6 PBAOTICAL MICROSCOPY. the object. The field is much obscured. Watching the effect through the eye-piece, rack the tube down with great care until the image appears sharp. Note the distance with this objective as before with the low power, probably about one thirty-second of an inch. Then endeavor, by slight alterations in the inclination of the mirror, to increase the illumination. Turn the diaphragm so that the light passes through a small opening, and note the improvement in defini- tion. The rule is : The higher the power, the smaller the diaphragm. You have doubtless observed, before this, that you cannot control the focussing as easily as when the low power was in use. Slight movements of the rack-work produce marked changes in definition ; and it is difficult, with the coarse adjustment alone, to make as slight movements as you may desire. Eecourse must be had to the fine adjustment. Place the tip of the forefinger (either) upon the milled-head of the fine focussing-screw, and the ball of the thumb against its side, so that the hand is in an easy position. By a little lateral pressure the milled-head may be turned slightly either way. Note the effect on the image. You thus have the focussing under the most perfect con- trol. Eemember that the fine adjustment is only necessary with high powers, and then only after the image has been found with the coarse adjustment. METHOD IN OBSERVATION. The study of objects under the microscope should be conducted witli order or method. The body being in the position before advised, so that the sitting may be prolonged without fatigue, let one hand be occupied in the maintenance of the focal adjustment. It will be found, however fiat an object may seem to the unaided eye, that as it is moved so as to present different areas for examination (and with the higher powers only a small area can be seen at once) constant manipula- tion with the fine adjustment will be required. It will also be found that even the various parts of a simple histological element — like a cell — cannot be seen sharply with a single focal adjustment. The forefinger and thumb of one hand must be kept constantly on the milled-head of the fine focussing screw. Supposing the light to be on our right, we devote the right hand to the focussing. The left hand will be engaged with the glass slip upon which the object has been mounted. The forearm resting upon the table, let the thumb and forefinger rest on the left upper side of the stage, just MAGNIFYING POWER AND MEA8UBEMENT OF OBJECTS. T touching the edges of the glass slip. The slightest pressure will then enable you to move the slip smoothly, steadily, and delicately. Proceed to examine the object with method. Suppose a section of some tissue to be under examination — say one-fourth of an inch square. With the high power you will be able to see only a small fraction of the area at once. Commence at one corner to observe ; and with the left hand move the object slowly in successive parallel lines, preserving the focus with the right hand, until the whole area of the section has been traversed. Practice will soon establish perfect co-ordination of the movements involved, and will result in the ability to work with ease, celerity, and profit. CONSERVATION OF THE EYESIGHT. The beginner should not become accustomed to the use of one eye alone, or of closing either, in microscopical work. It will require but little practice to use the eyes alternately, and the retinal image of the unemployed eye will soon be ignored and unnoticed. MAGNIFYING POWER AND MEASUREMENT OF OBJECTS. The microscope is not, as the beginner usually supposes, to be valued according to its power of magnification, but rather according to the clearness and sharpness of the image afforded. Magnifying power is generally expressed in diameters. A certain area is by the instrument made to appear, say, ten times as large as it appears to the naked eye. This object has, then, its apparent area increased one hundred times ; but reference is made in describing Buch phenomena only to amplification in a single direction. The dia- meter has been increased ten times and would be expressed by pre- fixing the sign of multiplication, e. g., X 10. A convenient unit of approximate measurement for the histologist is the apparent size of a human red blood-corpuscle with a given objec- tive. Thirty-two hundred corpuscles, placed side by side, would measure one inch ; or, we say, the diameter of a single corpuscle is the thirty-two hundredth of an inch. After considerable practice, you will become accustomed to the apparent size of this object with a cer- tain objective and eye-piece. This will aid in an approximate mea- surement of objects by comparison, and will further give the magni- fying power of the microscope. If a corpuscle appears magnified to one inch in diameter, it is evident that the instrument magnifies thirty-two hundred times. Should the diameter appear one-quarter of an inch, the power is eight hundred; one-eighth of an inch, four hun- 8 PEACTICAL MICK08C0PY. dred, etc. The instrument which I have heretofore described, with the high power in use and the tube withdrawn, will present the corpuscle as averaging very nearly one-eighth of an inch in diameter — x 400. Whil ethis gives a gross idea of amplification, the method will often prove inaccurate because of individual errors in the estimation of proportions. Use of the Stage-Micrometer, — From a dealerjin optical goods pur- chase a Rogers' * glass stage-micrometer, ruled in hundredths, thou- santdhs, and five-thousandths of an inch. Also procure from the dealer in drawing instruments a two-inch boxwood rule divided deci- mally to fiftieths. Place the micrometer on the stage of the microscope and focus the lines. Then place the rule also on the stage, but Justin front of and parallel with the micrometer. By a little practice, using both eyes, the two rulings may be seen simultaneously, and by adjusting the position of the rule, the lines may be made to appear superposed. Let us suppose that, with a given eye-piece and objective, the thousandth divisions on the micrometer correspond exactly with one of the tenths of the rule. Keeping this in mind, remove the micro- meter scale and substitute an object, say a blood slide. Let us again suppose that the image of a given red corpuscle appears to cover three of the one-tenth inch rulings, the latter scale having been left in position. It is evident that, as we found the value of one of the rule tenths to be, by the micrometer, the one-thousandth of an inch, the globule measures one three-thousandth of an inch in diameter. The value of the rule divisions must be determined for each objec- tive ; and a memorandum will then provide the means of quickly ob- taining a very close approximation of the size of objects as viewed in the microscope, and at the same time indicate the degree of ampli- fication of the instrument itself. SKETCHING FROM THE MICROSCOPE. Let me most emphatically urge the practice of sketching in con- nection with microscopy. ^^I am no artist,^' or " I have no skill in drawing/' is often the reply to my advice in this matter. I then sug- gest that no special skill is needed to begin with, only patience and a dogged determination to succeed. The pictures in the microscopic field have no perspective, and may be reproduced in outline merely. * The micrometer ruIiDgs of Professor Rogers, of Cambridge University, are without doubt of surpassiDg excellence. They are the result of many years of unwearying experimentation and are recognized standards through- out the scientific world. SECTION CUTTING. 9" Begin with simple tissues, reserving intricate detail until a short period of practice gives the technique needed. I do not recommend the camera lucida, as my experience strongly impresses me with this as a fact, that he who cannot sketch without a camera will never sketch with one. Pencil drawings may be very effectively colored with our staining fluids, diluted if necessary. PEEPABATIONS OP TISSUES FOB MICROSCOPICAL PURPOSES. TISSUES ARE STUDIED BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT. The microscopical study of both normal and pathological tissues is invariably conducted by the aid of transmitted light. Tissues, if not naturally of sufficient delicacy to transmit light, must in some way be made translucent. Delicate tissues like omenta, desquamating epithelia, fluids con- taining morphological elements, certain fibres, etc., are sufficiently diaphanous, and require no preparation. Such objects are simply placed upon the glass slip, a drop of some liquid added, and, when protected by a thin covering glass, are ready for the stage of the microscope. PREPARATION BY TEASING. The elements of structures mainly fibrous, e, g., muscle, nerve,, ligament, etc., are well studied after a process of separation, by means of needles, known as teasing. A minute fragment of the organ or part having been isolated by the knife or scissors is placed upon a glass slip, and a drop of some fluid which will not alter the tissue added. Stout sewing needles, stuck in slender wood handles, are commonly employed in the teasing process. The separation of tissues is frequently facilitated by means of dissociating fluids which remove the cement substance. SECTION CUTTING. After having become familiar with the various elementary struc- tures of animal tissues, we proceed to the study of their relation to organs. As the teasing process is not available with such complicated structures as lung, liver, kidney, brain, etc., we resort to methods of slicing, i. e., section cutting. Sections must be made of extreme tenuity, in order that the natu- 10 PKACrnCAL MICROSCOPY. rally opaque structures may be illuminated hy Iransmitted light. This becomes an easy matter with such tissues as cartilage; but some^ like bone, are much too hard to admit of cutting, and others are as much too soft; so that while certain tissues must be softened, the majority must be hardened. Fortunately, both of these conditions may be secured without in any way altering the appearance or rela- tions of the structures. Hardening processes, from necessity, become a prominent feature in histological work; but I propose here to indi- cate some of the more useful methods of section-cutting, reserving the hardening processes for another place. FREE-HAND SECTION CUTTING. My students, when ready for this work, are provided with some tissue which has been previously hardened. We will take, for ex- ample, a piece of liver which has been rendered sufficiently firm for our work by immersion in alcohol, and proceed to direct the steps in obtaining suitable sections by the simple free-hand method. Fig. 8.— Free-hand Section Cutting. I wish to strongly emphasize the importance of this mode of cut- ting. A moderate amount of practice will render the microscopist independent of all appliances, save those of the most simple character and which are always obtainable. An ordinary razor, with keen edge, and a shallow dish, preferably a saucer, partly filled with alcohol are required. The razor best FBEE-HAND SECTION CUTTING. ll adapted to the work is concave on one side (the upper side as seen in Fig. 3) and nearly flat on the other, although this is largely a mat- ter of personal preference. Pig. 3 indicates the proper position of the hands in comn^encing the cut. I have made the sketch from a photograph of my esteemed colleague. Dr. Wesley M. Carpenter. The student should be seated At a table of such height as to afford a convenient rest for the forearms. A small piece of tissue is held between the thumb and forefinger of the left hand, so that it projects slightly above both. (In the cut, a cube of tissue, too small to handle in this way, has been cemented to a cork with paraffin in the manner hereafter described, and the cork held as just mentioned. ) The hand carrying the tissue is held over the saucer of alcohol. The razor, held lightly in the right hand, as seen in the figure, is, previous to making every cut, dipped flatwise into the alcohol, so as to wet it thoroughly; and is then lifted horizontally, carrying several drops, perhaps half a drachm of the fluid on the concave, upper surface. The alcohol serves to prevent the section from adhering to the knife, and to moisten the tissue. If allowed to become dry, the latter would be ruined by alterations of structure. Now as to the manner of moving the knife. Besting the under surface upon the forefinger for steadiness, bring the edge of the blade nearest the heel to the margin of the tissue furthest from you. Then, entering the edge just below the upper surface of the tissue, with a light but steady hold draw the knife toward the right, at the same time advancing the edge toward the body. This passes the knife through the tissue diagonally, and leaves the upper surface of the latter perfectly flat or level. Remove the piece which has been cut and repeat the operation. Do not attempt to cut large or very thin sections at first. A minute fragment, if thin, is valuable. As the razor is drawn through the tissue, the section floats in the iilcohol; depress the point of the knife and the section will slide into the saucer of spirit, and thus prevent its injury. If it does not leave the knife readily, brush it along with a camel's hair pencil which has been well wetted with the alcohol. Proceed in the above manner until the tissue is exhausted, when you will have a great number of sections, large and small, thick and thin. Selecting the thinnest, lift them c iref uUy with a needle, one ^t a time, into a small, wide-mouthed bottle of alcohol ; cork and label for future use. When the work is finished, and before the spirit has evaporated from your fingers — it is impossible to avoid wetting the skin more or 12 PBAOnCAI. MICBOBOOPT. leas — wash them thoroughly, and wipe dry. This eaves the roaghen- ing of the hands which is apt to result when alcohol has been allowed to dry upon them repeatedly. SECTIOS-CDTTISG WITH THE 8TIKLINO MICBOTOUB. Of the num.erouB mechanical aids to section-cutting, I shall men- tion only two or three. One of the earlier and better known instru- ments is seen in Fig. 4. The Stirling microtome consists easeutially of a short brass tube, into which the tissue is fixed, either by pressure I. 4,— SrUtUNQ'S UlCKOTOHE. or by imbedding in wax. A screw enters below which, acting on a plug, raises the contents ot the tube. As the material to be cut is raised from time to time by the screw, it appears above the plate which surrounds the top of the tube. This plate steadies and guides the razor; and it is evident that more uniform sections maybe cut with this little apparatus than would be possible with nothing to sup- port the knife, or to regulate thickness, beyond the unaided skill of the operator. Much depends upon the manner in which the material is fixed in the tube or well of the microtome. If the tissue he of a solid character, like liver, kidney, spleen, many tumors, etc., it may be SECTION CUTTING WITH THE STIRLING MICROTOME. 13 surrounded with some carefully fitted pieces of elder-pith,* carrot, etc., and the whole pressed evenly and quite firmly into the well. A small piece of tissue which, by cutting, can be made somewhat cubical in shape, may be surrounded by slabs of pith, carrot, or turnip, shaped as in Fig. 5. Indeed, the fragments of imbedding material can be shaped so as to fit tissue of almost any form. Before the whole is pressed into the well of the microtome, the bottom, against which the brass plug fits, should be cut off square. The wax method of imbedding is employed with tissues such as brain, lung, soft tumors, etc., which might be injured by the previous treatment. To three parts of paraffin wax (a paraffin candle answers perfectly) add one part of vaseline, and heat until thoroughly mixed. The microtome having been previously warmed — standing upright, is filled with the imbedding mixture. The piece of tissue is then FiQ. 6.— Manner OF CurriNa and Arkanoxng pieces of Pith, Tubnip, etc., fob supportino Hardened Tissue in the well of a Microtome. carefully wiped dry with the blotting paper and, just as the imbedding begins to congeal around the edges, is pressed below the surface with a needle and held until the cool mixture fixes it in position. The whole is now allowed to become thoroughly cold. By turning the screw, the plug of wax is raised ; and it must be gradually cut away, by sliding the knife across the plate, until the upper part of the tissue appears. Before commencing to cut sections — however the tissue may have been imbedded — ^provide yourself with a saucer of alcohol and a camePs-hair. pencil. Having wetted the knife, turn the screw so that the tissue, with its imbedding, appears slightly above the plate of the microtome ; and then, resting the blade of the razor on the plate *The pith from the young shoots of AUantiis glandulosus (improperly called " Alantbus "). gathered in early autumn, is the best material for this method of imbedding with which I am acquainted. The wood is easily cut from the pith, and the latter is very large and firm. 14 PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY. (vide Fig. 6), make the cut precisely as in free-hand cutting. The section is then brushed off into the saucer, the screw turned up slightly, the razor wetted, and a second cut made. These steps arc repeated until the required number of sections has been obtained. Fig. 6.— Mkthod or Cuttino Sections with the SrmLma Miobotomb. The imbedding will leave the cuts as they are floated in the alcohol. They may now be selected, lifted with the needle into clean spirit,, and preserved as before indicated, for future operations. THE SCHRAUER MICROTOME. Pig. 7 represents an improvement on the Stirling instrument, and a most convenient, practical and inexpensive microtome for the phy- sician. FlO. 7.— SOHRAUER^S IMPROVED StIRLINO MIOROTOME, With clamp for holding the tissue. The tissue, if sufficiently hard, is held in a clamp or vice in the well of the instrument, the pressure being regulated by the side screw. By this means the necessity of imbedding is avoided. If the THE authob's I^BOBATORT hicrotohs. 15 tiasae be too soft to withstaad such treatment, it is best cemented to i cork, and the cork then fastened in the clamp. A screv-thread is cut npou a short cylinder, which works in a corresponding thread chased on the inside of the well-tube. The short cylinder carrieB the tnife-plate, and, as the latter is turned to the right, the whole de- scende and the tissue projects, ready to be sliced off. THE author's LABOBATORY UICROTOME. For certain work, some form of microtome becomes necessary in which the operator is relieved from supporting the knife. Fig. 8 is a Bketch from such an instrument which I have contrived and which has been in daily use in my laboratory for over three years. The carriage A, supporting the knife B, is of solid cast-iron ; and has, upon the under side, a Y guide, which fits into the longitudinal groove of the base D. Parallel with this groove is a smooth fiat FiQ. e.— The Authob's Libokatort UtoBoroim. The Instrumenl conaiBtB of a very heavy cast-iron bed upoD which a carriage BupportdDg a knife la made to Bllde, Tlie tissue is cemented with paraffln (or held In an adjustable damp not shown In the cut) to a table, which can be raised by a fine steel screw. The ttlclCDessotthe sscdon to be cut [a controUed by turning the milled head actnatlDg ^e Anely threaded screw. surface, upon which also travels the rib E of the knife-carriage. A second V has been avoided, in order to diminish friction. The knife is clamped rigidly to the upper surface of the carriage, by means of a. Willis' tool-holder, consisting of a steel plate F, a nut Q, and washer H. The mechanism for supporting and positioning the tissue — not shown in the sketch— is built upon a plate I, which can be quickly fixed to- the body of the microtome at the height and lateral incline required by the large set-screws J, J', The mechanism for raising the tissue to the knife, between the cuts, consists of a screw K, of fifty threads to the inch which, working in the nut L, elevates the bevelled slide 14 PRACTICAL MICRiJeCoPT. (vide Fig. 6), make the cut precisely as in fr^e-hand cutting. The section is then brushed off into the saucer, the screw turned up slightly, the razor wetted, and a second cut made. These steps are repeated until the required number of sections has been obtained. Fia. ^.^XcTHOD or CcTTDro Sbctxoss with The imbedding will leave the cuts as they are floated in the alcohol. They may now be selected, lifted with the needle into clean spirit^ and preserved as before indicated, for future operations. THE SCHBAUEB MICROTOME. Fig. 7 represents an improvement on the Stirling instrument^ and a most convenient, practical and inexpensive microtome for the phy- sician. Fio. 7. — Schrauer's Improved Stiruxg Microtoxc, With clamp for holding the tissue. The tissue, if guflSciently hard, is held in a clamp or vice in the well of the instrument, the pressure being regulated by the side screw. By this means the necessity of imbedding is avoided. If the THE adthoe's laboeatobt miceotohe. 15 tissae be too soft to withstand euch treatmeat, it iB best cemented to a cork, and the cork then fastened in the clamp. A screw-thread is cut upon a abort cylinder, which works in a corresponding thread chased on the inside of the well-tube. The short cylinder carries the knife-plate, and, as the latter is turned to the right, the whole de- scends and the tissue projects, ready to be sliced off. THE author's LABOBATOBY MICEOTOME. For certain work, some form of microtome becomes necessary in which the operator is relieved from supporting the knife. Fig. 8 is a sketch from such an instrument which I hare contrived and whioh has been in daily use in my laboratory for over three years. The carri^e A, supporting the knife B, is of solid cast-iron ; and has, upon the under side, a Y guide, which fits into the longitudinal groove of the base D. Parallel with this groove is a smooth flat Fis. B.— Toe Autbob's Liborxtobi Uiobotohe. Ibe inrtniment conaiBtH oT a very heavy cMt-lron bed upon which a oarHage supportln*! a. kuire ismade to slide. The tissue Is cemeated wilh parsfflu (or held In ao adjustable claiup Dot shown In the cm) to a table* which can be raised by a fine Bteel ecTew. The tkickness of the section to be cut is coolrolled by turning the milled bead actuating Uie finely threaded acnw. surface, upon which also travels the rib E of the knife-carriage. A second V has been avoided, in order to diminish friction. The knife is clamped rigidly to the upper surface of the carriage, by means of a. Willis' tool-holder, consisting of a steel plate F, a nut Q, and washer H. The mechanism for supporting and positioning the tissae — not shown in the sketch— is built upon a plate I, which can be quickly fixed to the body of the microtome at the height and lateral incline required by the large Bet*screwB J, J'. The mechanism for raising the tissue to the knife, betireen the cuts, consists of a screv K, of fifty threads to the inch which, working in the nut L, elevates the bevelled slide 14 PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY. (vide Fig. 6), make the cut precisely as in free-hand cutting. The section is then brushed off into the saucer, the screw turned up slightly, the razor wetted, and a second cut made. These steps are repeated until the required number of sections has been obtained. Fio. 6.— Mkthod or Cuttino Sections with the SriRLmo Miobotomib. The imbedding will leave the cuts as they are floated in the alcohol. They may now be selected, lifted with the needle into clean spirit,, and preserved as before indicated, for future operations. THE SCHRAUER MICROTOME. Pig. 7 represents an improvement on the Stirling instrument, and a most convenient, practical and inexpensive microtome for the phy- sician. Fio. 7.— Sohrauer^s Improved Stirlino Microtome, With damp for holding the tissue. The tissue, if sufficiently hard, is held in a clamp or vice in the well of the instrument, the pressure being regulated by the side screw. By this means the necessity of imbedding is avoided. If the THE AUTHOe'b LABOBATOBT HICBOTOME. 15 tissae be too soft to wiibstaad such treatment, it is best cemented to a cork, and the cork then fastened in the clamp. A screv-thread is cut upon a short cylinder, which works in a corresponding thread chased on the inside of the well-tube. The short cylinder carries the knife-plate, and, as the latter is turned to the right, the whole de- soeads and the tissue projects, ready to be sliced off. THE AUTEOE'8 LABORATORY UICBOTOME. For certain work, some form of microtome becomes necessary in which the operator is relieved from supporting the knife. Fig. 8 ia a sketch from such an instrument which I have contrived and which has been in daily use in my laboratory for over three years. The carriage A, supporting the knife B, ia of solid cast-iron ; and has, upon the under side, a V guide, which fits into the longitudinal groove (j of the base D. Parallel with this groove is a smooth flat Fto. B.~-Thi Author's Liboritobt Hiorotohi. surface, upon which also travels the rib K of the knife-carriage. A second V" has been avoided, in order to dimioish friction. The knife is clamped rigidly to the upper surface of the carriage, by meaus of a. Willis' tool-bolder, consisting of a steel plate F, a nat G, and washer H. The mechanism for supporting and positioning the tissue — not shown in the sketch— is built upon a plate I, which can be quickly fixed to the body of the microtome at the height and lateral incline required by the large set-screws J, J'. The mechanism for raising the tissue to the knife, between the cuts, consists of a screw K, of fifty threads to the inch which, working in the nut L, elevates the bevelled slide 16 PRACTICAL MICB08C0PY. M, to which the tissue N" is affixed. An ether-freezing attachment may be substituted for the plate I. The milled-head is divided into one hundred parts, so that each fraction of a turn raises the tissue ^uVir of an inch. The knife should possess an edge of the most exquisite keenness ; and this holder admits the employment of almost any cutting instru- ment. In order to the production of the best results, the knife should be set at the most acute angle compatible with the use of the entire length of the cutting edge, from heel to point. Both knife and tissue are to be flooded with alcohol, in ordinary work, as in free- hand cutting. A drip pan is provided, and is placed below the tissue- carrier. A groove in the front upper edge of the base prevents the pirit from flowing over the track, which^ mixing with the lubricating oil covering the latter, would interfere with the delicacy and ease of the sliding motion. The value of this instrument is largely consequent upon its great solidity — the base weighing from eighteen to twenty-five pounds, with the knife carriage correspondingly heavy. Just why such weight and solidity are necessary, and contribute so largely to our success in cutting sections, is not at once apparent. The microtome is now made by Mr. L. Schrauer, of New York, in two sizes ; the smaller carrying a knife fourteen, and the larger, eighteen inches. A smaller pattern would present no special advantages over microtomes already in use. SHARPENING KNIVES. In the majority of instances of failure to produce suitable sections for microscopical work, the cause can be set down to dull knives; and I would urge the student to practice honing, until able to put cutting instruments in good condition. If he will but start properly, success is sure. Nine-tertlhs of tlie microtomes are purcliased because of failure in free-hand work with a dull knife; but no advantage will be gained hy a machme, if the student he incapable of keeping the knife up to a proper degree of keenness, A knife is a wedge, and for our purposes the edge must be of more than microscopical tenuity — it being impossible, with the microscope, to discover notches and nicks if properly sharpened. It is impossible to secure the best results with indifferent tools. The knife should be hard enough to support an edge, but not so hard as to be brittle. The proper temper is about that given a good razor. We need at least two hoi^es — one comparatively coarse, for removing slight nicks; and another, for finishing. The first part of the work is best done by means of a sort of artificial hone made with BHAEFENING' KNIVES. IT ground corundum. These are kept in stock by dealers in mechanice' supplies of great Tarietj in size and fineness. For razors a "00" corandum slip will beat answer. This will very rapidly remoTe the ineqaalitiea from an exceedingly dull razor. A Turkish hone will be beat tor finishing. For my large knives I use a third, very soft and fine stone, known us water -of- Ayr. Let the corandum slip be placed on a level support (mine are fitted into blocks like the carpenter's oil-stone), and cover the surface liber- ally with water,* The hones should always be worked wet. Place the knife flat on the stone near the right hand as at A, Fig. 9. Draw Bteadily in the direction of the curved dotted line, i. «., from right to left — holding the blade firmly on the stone B with slight pressure. I 10.— MSTHOItO Ttas knife Is flrat brought with Its heel in the posltiaa fmord 08 Indicated by Uie curved dotced liae imCU, at Utahwd. Fig. 10 iudicateB the method of turning th< iiowu at A, Fig. g. It la thai drawa le end ol the Btrote, the poaition G is blade before reTeralng and between until the position G is attained. Botate the razor on its back — vide Fig. 10 — so as to bring the other side on Ihe stone; and draw from left to right. Observe that as the knife is drawn from side to side (the edge invariably lookingtoward the draw) it is always worked from hetl to point. The amount of pressure may be proportioned to the condition of the edge. If it be badly nicked, considerable pres- Bnre may be employed; while, as it approaches keenness, the pressure *A few drops of gljcerin added to appears to keep the surface of the hone ii the water retards evaporation and good condition. 14 PBAOnOAL MICROBCOFT. (ride Fig. 6), make the out precisely as in free-hand cutting. The section is then brushed off into the saucer, the screv turned up slightly, the razor wetted, and a second cut made. These steps are repeated until the required number of sections has been obtained. Fia. 6.— UrrsoD or CtrrrDia Bcctiohs titb the Brnujiio Hiobotoiu. The imbedding will leave the cuts as they are floated in the alcohol. They may nov be selected, lifted with the needle into clean spirit, and preserved as before indicated, for future operations. THE SCHBAIT£R HICBOTOUE. Fig. 7 represents an improvement on the Stirling instrument, and a most convenient, practical and inexpensive microtome for the phy- The tissue, if BufBciently hard, is held in a clamp or vice in the well of the instrument, the pressure being regulated by the side screw. By this means the necessity of imbedding is avoided. If the THE adthoe's labobatobt micbotohe. 15 tissue be too soft to withstand such treatment, it is best cemented to a cork, and the cork then fastened in the clamp. A screw-thread is cut upon a short cylinder, which works in a corresponding thread chased on the inside of the well-tube. The short cylinder carries the knife-plate, and, as the latter is turned to the right, the whole de- scends and the tissue projects, ready to be sliced oS. THE AUTHOB'S LABOBATOEY MICBOTOME. For certain work, some form of microtome becomes necessary in which the operator is relieved from supporting tbe knife. Fig. 8 is a sketch from such an instrument which I have contrived and which has been in daily use in my laboratory for over three years. The carriage A, supporting the knife B, is of solid east-iron ; and has, upon the under side, a V guide, which fits into the longitudinal groove of the base D. Parallel with this groove is a smooth fiat Fia. S.— Thi Adthor'b Lidosatobt Hiobotohe. The inHtmment conalatB of a very heavy caat-irrai bed upon which a carriage sappoittnK (k knife te made to aUde. The tiaaue la cemealed wlUi paraffin (or held in an ailjustable clamp not shown In the cut) to a table, which csji be raised by a One Bteel screw. The tbickneBa of tha ■ectton to be cut la controlled bj tunung the milled head actuating the flnel; threaded sinew. surface, upon which also travelB the rib E of the knife-carriage. A second V has been avoided, in order to dimioish friction. The knife is clamped rigidly to the upper surface of the carriage, by means of a. Willis' tool-holder, consisting of a steel plate F, a nut G, and washer H. The mechanism for supporting and positioning the tissue — not shown in the sketch— is built upon a plate I, which can be quickly fixed to- the body of the microtome at the height and lateral incline required by the large set-screws J, J'. Tbe mechanism for raising the tissue to the knife, between the cuts, consists of a screw K, of fifty threads- to the inch which, working in the nut L, elevates the bevelled slide 20 PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY. PREPAKATIOX OF TISSUES FOR CUTTING, ETC. We have already seen that most animal tissues are unsuitable for the production of thin sections until hardened. It is also a fact, paradoxical though it may seem, that fresh tissues do not present truthful appearances of structural elements. The old- school histologists insisted upon the presentation of structures unal- tered by chemical substances, while the modern worker has discarded such tissue with very few exceptions. Many descriptions of structure and growth, the result of study upon fresh material, have been proven by later methods grossly inaccurate. It is impossible to remove tissues from the living animal and to sub- ject them to microscopical observation without, at the same time, ex- posing them to such radical changes of environment as to produce structural alterations. Certain tissues, presenting in the living con- dition stellate cells with the most delicate, though well-defined branching processes, when removed from contact with the body, how- ever expeditiously, afford no hint of anything resembling such ele- ments, as they are quickly reduced to simple spherical outlines. In short, it is impossible to study fresh material, as such, without constant danger of erroneous conclusions, as retrograde alterations of structure commence with surprising rapidity the moment a part is severed from the influences which control the complete organism. From what has been said we appreciate the necessity of agents which, when applied to portions freshly removed from the animal, or even before removal, shall instantly stop all physiological processes and retain the elements in permanent fixity. Very much of the human structure which is available will be se- cured only after functional activities have long ceased, and the structure essentially altered. We are, therefore, compelled to resort to the use of material from the lower animals in very many instances. ALCOHOL HARDENING. The tissue, whatever process may be in contemplation, having been removed from the body as quickly after death as possible, without washing or allowing contact with water in any way, should, with a sharp scalpel, be divided into small pieces. Of the more solid organs, pieces one-half inch square by one-fourth inch thick will be suf- ficiently small, and they will harden rapidly. The smaller the pieces and the larger the quantity of h-inlening fluid the more quickly will the process bs completed. The volume of fluid should exceed that of CHROMIC ACID FIXING AND HARDENING. 21 the tissue at least twenty times. Wide mouth, well-stoppered bottles, from one ounce to a pint, or even larger, are best ; and they should be carefully labelled and kept in a cool place with occasional agita- tion. Quick Method, — A piece of any solid organ, say liver, spleen, pan- creas, kidney, uterus, lymph-node, etc., not larger than one half inch square by one-eighth thick, may be perfectly hardened in twelve liours by immersion in one ounce of ninety five percent, alcohol. No more should be thus prepared than is to be cut within twenty-four tours, on account of the shrinkage which results after the prolonged immersion of solid structures in strong spirit. After the tissue has been one hour in the above, it maybe hardened in one or two hours more, if transferred to absolute alcohol. This method is of frequent advantage in pathological histology. Ordinary Method. — The method quite general here, and intended lo prevent shrinkage, is as follows : The organs, cut into pieces from one-half to three-fourths of an inch as to produce a ring of color) by the action of two piano concave water lenses which are formed by the air-bubble. The oil is seen to correct the refraction cf C D, thus giving but little color to the margin of this globule. bubbles have no intrinsic color, while the fat globules are faintly yellow. Observe the change in the ring of prismatic color about the edge of the air bubble, as the focus is altered. No such color will be seen in connection with the oil globule. The bubbles assume various figures from pressure of the cover glass. MOVEMENT OF OBJECTS. Objects are frequently seen moving in the field of the microscope, the movement being magnified equally with their dimensions. Thermal Our rents, — When with the previous specimen, or any other fluid mount, the warm hand is brought close to one side of the fltage, the globules in the field will be seen swimming more or less rapidly. These currents are due to the unequal heating of the liquid under observation. The direction of the current is in the reverse of its apparent motion. Brownian Movement. — Place a fragment of dry carmine on a slide; add a drop of water, and with a needle stir until a paste is formed. Add another drop of water, and immediately put on the cover glass. With H, note the most minute particles, and observe their peculiar, dancing motion. This occurs when almost any finely-divided and generally insoluble solid is mixed with water; it ceases after a short time. The movement has been attributed to several causes. EXTRANEOUS BDBSTANCES. 37 Vital Movements. — Place a drop of decomposing urino on a slide, cover and focus with H, The field contains iunumerahle minnte spherules and rods (bacteria) which are in active motion, resembling somewhat the Brownian movement, although sufficiently distinctiTe after close observation. After having nibbed the toagne for a moment against the inner surface of the cheek, put a drop of saliva on a slide, cover and focns H. Among the numerous thin, nucleated scales and debris, small granular spherules — the salivary corpuscles — will be found. Select one of the last, centre, and focus H. with extreme care. The minute granules within the cells are in active motion, resembling the Brown- ian movement; but with proper conditions the motion may continue for many hours. EXTBANEOCS SUBSTANCES. Before we begin the study of animal tissues, I wish to have you be- come somewhat familiar with the appearance of certain objects which FlQ. SI.— EXTHlHEOt'e BVBSTlHOEe. A. Ccilton Bbres, abonliig the cboracterietlc twist. B. Linea flbrea. with tran^Terse Tna.rlHnga indicallng fegmenta. C. Wool. The Irr^ular marldugB are produced hj the orerl&pphie ol flattened cells. Wool nuLf be dlaUufniished from other balrs b; the swelllnga which appear at Irregular luterrata Id the course of the former. D. Silk. Smooth and c^lindrlcaL are frequently, through accident or carelessness, and often in spite of the utmost care, found mixed with our microscopical specimens. S8 PRAOnOAL HIOBOSUOPT. Among the more common objects floating in the air and gaining acceaa to reagents, to eabsequently appear in our mounted Bpeoimeae, Are the following: ^ Fibres. — Procure minute pieces of ancolored linen, cotton, wool, and silk. With a needle in either hand, tease oat or separate a few fibres on slides^ add a drop of water and cover.* Starch. — Procure samples of wheat, corn, potato and arrow-root «tarch, or scrape materials containing any one of these substances nof potato St B. Com Blarcb, C. Wood Bbree. The drculor dots are pecull&r to the tdaaue of cone-bearltig tieea. D. Spiral thread from a tea leal. H Fragment of feather. with a sharp knife. To a minute portion on the slide add a drop of water, cover and examine L and K. Wood Shavings, Feathers, Minute Insects, Portions of Larger In- *Th«se subatances, as well n.4 mciet of those which follow under the same heading, maj' be mounted permanentlj as follows: Put the dij material in clean turpentine For a da; or twi>, to remove the contained air. Transfer to the elide, tease, separate, or nrrariKe the elements, after which wipe away the tufpeotine with strips of blDtting paper. Add a drop of dammar and place the cover-glass thereon. The wcinht of the cover willbeanfficiPiit to press the cbjt>ct flat, if it be properly teasMior separated. Although I do not advise the mabiug of colored rings around cover -glasnes, they may be formed after first protecting the dammar with a ring of g^elatin.— Fifde formulee. 9ect8, Pollen, etc., are easily moiiDted teiii]>orarilj or permanently as above. They ure very commoaly found in urine after it has been ex- posed to tha air. and their recognition is very importaat. Let me urge you to become familiar with the microscopical appear- ■anoe of the commoner objects which surround us in every-day life. The most serioua mistakes have resulted from ignorance of this sub- ject. Vegetable fibres have been mistaken for nerves (!) and nrJnary >casts. starch graoules for cells, vegetable spores for parasitic ova, etc. STRITCTTTEAL ELEMENTS. Certain anatomical strnctnres. of a more or less elementary nature, ^are united in the composition of organs. These structural elements will with propriety first claim notice from us. CELLS. A typical ci'll is a microscopical sphere of protoplasm, constituted 88 follows (vide Fig. -^3): A. Limiting membrane. B. Cell- body. C. Nuclfus, D. Nucleolus. Fio. SB.— ElsmcntS or x Tnruiii. Celi. The wall consists of an apparently structureless membrane of ex- treme tenuity. The cell-body may be either clear (jelly-like), granular, or fibrillated. The nucleus is a minute spherical vesicle, with a limiting mem- 40 PRACTICAL MICBO80OPY. brane inclosing a clear gelatinous material, traversed by a reticulum: of fibrillae. The nucleolus consists of a spherical granular enlargement upon, the fibrillaB of the nucleus. Deviations from the type are most frequent, and vary greatly as to form, number of elements^ and chemical composition. Fio. 24.— A Ckll Nuclsus, with Network and Nuolbolus. Diagrammatic. The typically perfect cell is rarely seen in human tissue on account of the length pf time which commonly elapses between death and observation of the structure, the delicate fibrillaB of the nuclei usu- ally appearing as a mass of granules. CELL DISTRIBUTION. The complex mechanism of the body had its origin in a single celL This preliminary structure, endowed with the power of proliferation, became two cells. Two having been produced, they became four ; the four, eight; and thus progression advanced until they became countless. Some of these cells remained as such ; others altered in form and composition gave birth to muscle, bone, etc., etc. The study of these processes belongs to physiology. The adult body is composed largely of cells of various forms. The different physiological processes, as secretion, absorption, respiration, etc., are effected through the intervention of these anatomical elements. All free surfaces, within or without the body, are covered with cells. The entire skin, the outside of organs, as lung, liver, stomach,, intestine, brain, etc., etc.; all cavities, as alimentary tract, heart,, ventricles of the brain, blood-vessels, ducts, all present a superficial layer of cells, VARIATION IN^ FORM OF CELLS. Alteration from the typical or spherical form is effected mainly through pressure consequent upon active proliferation of contiguous cells, or growth of surrounding fibrous tissues* SQUAHODB, STBATIFIEO AND RPrTHBLIDM. 41 FLAT CELLS. If & cell be subjected to pressure on two opposite sides, a &ntten\ng ensues, and a scale-Hke element results. Flat cells are united to form a cootiauous structure in different wajs. SQCAMOC8, BTBATIPIED, AND THAN8ITI0NAL EPITHBLIDM. The simplest method of tissue production by msans of flat cells is that of superposition, constituting squamous epithelium. Cells are placed one over the other, generally without great regularity. If Tegular, and in several layers, the structure is called giratijied epithe- lium; if only in a few layers, it is termed transitional epithelium. The superficial layer of the sliin affords an example of squamoas. Fia. ati.— SqDAiious OiLLB raoH BtiotMi. Epitbelicii. A. Topical ceU. B. Ita nuoleuB, G. Union bf OTerlappio^ formLD^ lomiaiB. D. IMiivaiy corpuscleB. x 400. Btratified epithelium. The bladder, pelvis of the kidney, aud vagina are lined with transitional epithelium. The thin, fiat scales from the mouth may be demonstrated by scraping a drop of saliva from the tongue with the handle of a scalpel, transferring it to the slide, and applying the cover. The size of the drop of saliva should be carefully adjusted so as to fill the space between the oover-glasB and slide. Too little will cause the cover to adhere so tightly to the sHde as to press the cells out of form; too much, and the saliva flows over the cover and soils the ob- jective. With a glass rod, place a drop of the dilute eosin solution. 42 FRAOnCAL HICBOeCOPT. on the slide, and with a needle lead it to the edge of the saliva. The dye vill pass ander the cover slowly; and, gradually, whaterer anatomical elements there may be present will be stained. Obeerve that the nuclei of the flat scales first take the dye, and appear of a deep piaic; while the other pDftions are either colorless or very lightly stained. Find a typical field and sketch it with pencil, afterward tinting with dilute eosin. PATEMENT EPITHELIUM. When thin flat cells are disposed in a single layer, like tiles, the epithelium is termed pat'ement or tesBellated. These cells are often quite regularly polygonal (although this obtains more frequently with tissue from the lower animals), and they are always connected by their edges by means of an albuminous cement. OuatuMMAJia. This structure is very extensively distributed. Most serous sur- iaces, e. g., the pleurse, omenta, mesenteries, and peritoneal surfaces generally, are so covered. The lining of the heart, of arteries and veins, and of lymph channels is constructed with these cemented ■cells. Blood capillaries are formed almost entirely of such elements. The best demonstration is made by coloring the cement which unites the cella. If a tissue, covered with this epithelium, be placed for a few minutes in a solution of nltvate of silver a chemical anion ensues; an albuminate of silver is formed which blackens in the light, thereby mapping out the cells with great precision and clearness. It is nearly impossible to procure human tissue for this purpose, as the cement snbstance decomposes soon after death. The mesentery -of the frog affords a good example of pavement cell structure; and differs but little from the arrangement on human serous surfaces. FAVEHKNT EFITHELIITU. 43 Kill a large frog by decapitation, and open the abdomen freely by sn iQCision along the raedian line. Full out the intestiaes by grasping the stomach vith the forceps. This will expose the small intestine, ■which you will remove, together with the attached mesentery, by means of quick snips of the scissors. Work as rapidly as possible and avoid soiling the rissue with blood. Throw the gnt into a salt-cellar ^led with silver solution, vide formulte, where it must remain for ten FiQ ST PivaiwHT EprrHtLnm fbuh Fboq s Mesintbrt Silver BiAiniHa. A. Area Bbowtng: the outllalng of the pavement cells b; tbe £ilv«r-£ta-CX)BPU8CLE8. 4T SPHEBOIDAL CELLS. The only cells which have, in any very great number, retained their primitive spheroidal form are the corpuscles of the blood and of the lymphatic system. In solid organs, the cells, primarily spheroids, often become poly- hedral from pressure. Cells, developed spheres, not unfrequently send out prolongationsr forming either stellate or polar cells according to the size of the radi- ating processes. RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. The human red blood-corpuscle is a flattened, bi-concave disc, one- three thousand two hundredth of an inch in diameter. It presents a Fig. 81.— Corpuscular Elbmektb of Human Blood. A. Colored corpuscles adhering by their si^es— rouleaux. B. The same crenated. C. The same shnmken. D. The same having al^torbed water. E. The same still more swollen. F. The same with the plane C D, Fig. 82, in focus. G. The same with the plane A B, Fig. 82, in focus. H. Colorless corpuscles, x 400. mass of protoplasm destitute, as far as the microscope shows, of nuclei, cell- wall, or any structure whatsoever. 48 PBAOTICAL MICROSCOPY. Certain changes in form result, after removal from the circulation, viz. : 1. They may adhere by their broad surfaces forming columns. 2. From shrinkage they may become crenated. 3. Still further shrinkage produces the chestnut-burr appearance. 4. From absorp- tion of water they may swell irregularly, obliterating the concavity of one side. 5. From continuous absorption they swell, forming spheres which are finally dissolved. Wind a twisted handkerchief tightly around the left ring finger ; Fig. 82.— Diagram of a Colored Blood-Corpuscle, side view bhowimo the Bi-Conoavitt. A, B, Upper plane; which, in focus, gives the appearance shown at G, Fig. 81. 0, D, Plane giving the appearance F, Fig. 81. prick the ead with a clean needle, and squeeze a minute drop of blood on a slide, add a drop of saliva, cover and focus H. Observe : — 1. That considerable variation in size of the red blood - corpuscles exists. 2. The color — a delicate straw tint. 3. That the concave centre of the corpuscles which lie flat can be made to appear alternately dark and light according to the focal adjustment, 4. That the concavity is also demonstrated as the corpuscles are turned over by the thermal currents.* BLOOD-PLATES. Minute corpuscular elements in the blood about one-fourth the size of the red discs exist in the proportion of about one of the former to twenty of the latter. They are colorless ovoid discs; and are regarded by Osier as an essential factor in the coagulation of the blood. Prick the thoroughly clean finger with a needle. Over the puncture place a drop of solution of osmic acid (vide formulae) and squeeze out a minute drop of blood so that, as it flows, it is covered by the acid solution. This fixes the anatomical elements, providing against further change. The blood, as soon as drawn, must, with the acid, be * The student is at thU time advised to study the corpuscular elements of the blood of such animals as he may be able to command. The red corpuscles of mammals (excepting the camelidse) do not vary in appearance from those of man, excepting in size. Those of birds, fishes, and reptiles are elliptical with oval nuclei. Corpuscles of the blood of invertebrates are not colored. POLYUEDBAL CELLS. 49 immediately transferred to a slide and covered. To provide against eyaporation, run a drop of sweet oil around the edge of the cover. Fig. 88.— Human Blood prbsbrved with Osmic Acid. A. Colored corpuscles. B. Colorless corpuscle. C. C« C. Groups of plaques. X 400 and reduced. The blood-plates may be found, after careful search, bearing the relation to the red corpuscles seen in Fig. 33. WHITE OB COLORLESS BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. The white blood-corpuscle is a typical cell, spherical in form, presenting generally a nucleus — often two or more — with nucleoli. In diameter about the one-twenty-iive hundredth of an inch, they are usually found in the blood in proportion of one to three hundred to one thousand red corpuscles. The nucleus of the white corpuscle possesses nearly the same refractive index as the body of the cell, and is there- fore diflScult of demonstration without the use of reagents or staining. Procure a drop of pus from a healing woui^d, mix it on a slide with an equal quantity of dilute eosin solution, cover and examine H. Pus is colorless, containing spherical nucleated corpuscles, the perfect ones resembling exactly those found in healthy blood. Ob- serve that the nuclei, some cells containing three or even four, are stained with the eosin. Minute pigment granules and fat globules appear in many of the pus cells, and others are broken and distorted. POLYHEDRAL CELLS. With a scalpel scrape the cut surface of a piece of liver from a recently killed pig ; place a minute portion of the finer part on a S6 FBAOTICAL UICB08COPY. ^de; add a drop of Dormal salt solution (vide formiilee); mix with a needle, and put on the cover-glass. With H. observe, among the numerous blood-corpuscles, fat globules, etc., the polyhedral liver cells, about twice or three times the Fig. B4. — G)i.uiiim.AB Efttbelu. A, A. Folfliedral cells rrom human liver. B. ]>oable nuclei. O. Cells from same showlnE ooDnectdon vlth a caplllaijr. D. Bajne cells infiltrated with globulee of rat. S, Cells from liver of pig showing iDtracellular net-woA. x UD, diameter of a white blood-corpuscle (Fig. 34). Notice the large .spherical nuclei, with nucleoli. Note, also, the yellow pigment granules and the fat globules in the body of the cells. Masses of these cells resemble somewhat pavement epithelium; they are not flat but poly- hedral. STELLATE CELLS. ' When we arrive at the study of the skin, I shall showyoa some Tery beautiful examples of stellate cells. I prefer to leave their demonstration until you have become more familiar with tissue cut- ting. POLAR CELLS. As I have stated, spheroids may send off processes. These pro- longations may be one, two, three, or more in number, constituting unipolar, iipolar, tripolar, etc., cells. The best demonstration is made from the nervous system, where these poles are continued as nerves, etc. WHITE FIBROUS TISSUE. 51 From a freshly slaughtered ox, sheep, or pig (the first being the best) obtain a piece of the spinal marrow from the region of the neck. Cut it transversely into discs about one-eiglith of an inch thick, and place them in the chromic-acid fluid diluted with an equal bulk of water. After thirty-six hours, place one of the pieces in water, and with a needle pick out minute fragments from the anterior horn of the gray matter (refer to the diagram of the spinal cord) and trans- fer them to a slide. Add a drop of water and break the tissue into minute fragments by teasing with a pair of needles. Examine from time to time with L. to note the progress of the teasing. When properly teased, put on the cover-glass and search for large nucleated cells from which the prolongations or horns are given off. Compare with Fig. 123. Cells may be classified as follows: Epithelial — covering-cells, as in skin. Endothelial — lining-cells, lining vessels or cavities. Olaridular — constituting the parenchyma of organs. CONNECTIVE (FIBEOUS) TISSUES. Certain elementary structures of similar origin and mode of de- velopment, and serving alike to unite the various parts of the body, have been termed connective tissues. Custom has restricted the term, in its every-day employment, so as to apply to white fibrous tissue or, at least, to tissue which always resembles this more closely than any other, and I shall so use the expression in this work. WHITE FIBROUS TISSUE. This, the connective tissue par efcellence, is composed of exceed- ingly fine fibrillae (one-fifty thousandth of an inch), which are aggre- gated in irregularly sized and variously disposed bundles. It forms long and exceedingly strong tendons connecting muscle and bone; its fibres interlace, forming the delicate network of areolar tissue ; it forms thin sheets of protecting and connecting aponeuroses; or, sup- porting vessels, it permeates organs, and sustains the parenchyma of glands. The fibres are held together by means of a transparent cement, which may be softened or dissolved in acetic acid. They may exist, as in dense tendons, without admixture. Cells are found between the bundles of fibres, known as connective- tissue corpuscles or fibro-blasts. The older and more dense the struc- ture, the less frequent are these cells ; while in young (recent) con- 62 PRACTICAL HICBOBOOPY. nective tissue, stained, the nuclei of the corpnecles constitute a prominent feature of the specimen under the microscope. Having obtained a piece of tendon from a recently killed bullock, tease a fragment on a slide in a few drops of water. Select a portion which sphts easily and separate the fibrils as much as possible. Cover and examine H. Fia. tUI.— CoNKECTtVK TlBBin, A. Teased Obrea bom a teodon. C. FibrtUiB. B. New connective tissue from & drrhotic liver. D. Elongate cells lt> last showing mode of formation ot flbrltUe front cell elementa. x 400. Fine, wavy fibres are seen composing the fasciculae. If the dissec- tion has been sufficiently minute, yon may succeed in demonstrating ultimate flbrillte. These are best made out, as at in Fig. 35, where the parts of a bundle have been separated for some distance, leaving the finer elements stretching across the interval. B in Fig. 35 shows recently formed connective tissue from the liver, where this structure had so increased as to largely obliterate the parenchyma of the organ. YELLOW ELASTIC TISSUE. This tissue consists of coarse shining fibres (averaging one-three thousandth of an in. ) which frequently branch and anastomose. They are highly elastic. Under the microscope the fibres are colorless; but when aggregated, as in a ligament, the mass is yellow. YELLOW KLAaTIC TISSUE. Fia. 3?.— TRiNaVBUst SucrniN or paht or thi LiaiWKmuK Nucaa. 8. BbaAb of the ligamant, BBQding prolongations within— as at TT-dividlQgtl into Irregular hunaiea or fascieulcp. L. Lympb spacea in the titmnectjve tissue. A. Adlpiwe tissue ia the sheath. V. Blood-TeBsels In transverse section, K, E. Primitive Fasdmilee of yellow eiaatlc tissue fibres. X 3W. 54 PBAOnCAL MICROSCOPY. Procure a small piece of the Ugamenttim nuchm of the ox, and tease it on the slide after its having been macerated in acetic acid for a few moments. The acid softens the fibrous connective tissue and facili- tates the teasing process. The individual fibres having been isolated, they appear as in Fig. 36. When broken, they curl upon themselves like threads of India rubber. This tissue is variously disposed throughout the body where great strength with elasticity becomes necessary. The large arteries are abundantly supplied with elastic fibre, arranged in plates, in alterna- tion with muscle. Asa network, it is mixed with connective ti-sue in the skin, and in membranes generally. It contributes elasticity to cartilage where the fibres form an intricate network. Ligaments are composed largely of yellow elastic tissue. Fig. 37 is drawn from a portion of a stained, transverse section of the ligamen- turn svbflava. A strong sheath of fibrous tissue is thrown around the whole liga- ment, a portion of which is seen at S. This sheath sends prolonga- tions, T, T. into the structure, dividing it into irregular bundles, which support nutrient vessels. The elastic fibres seen in transverse section, as at E, E, are observed strongly bound together with fibrous tissue, which penetrates the smaller fasciculsB, dividing them into the ultimate fibrillcB. ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adipose or fat tissue is a modification of, and development from ordinary connective tissue. It originates in certain contiguous connective-tissue corpuscles, be- coming filled with minute fat globules. These ultimately coalesce and form single, large globules, which bulge out the cell-bodies until they become spheroids ; the nuclei at the same time are displaced to the periphery. An aggregation of such cells forms a lobule of adi- pose tissue. The cells are often so closely packed as to assume a polyhedral form. From malnutrition, this fat may be absorbed, ordinary connective tissue remaining. You will bear in mind the fact that whenever fat exists in a condi- tion of minute subdivision, the particles always assume the globular form; and that while adipose tissue contains fat, fat alone is not adipose tissue. ADIPOSE TIB8ITK. CelU OOKTUNIHa Fit— INDIOATINQ THE MODE or FouUTION . OF B. Bame conCalulnf' minute glotialee ol lat. IX Oo&leaoence of the tat ^obulea and displocemeiit rt tlte nucleus. D. Stai greater Increase ol the Tat. x 400. Via. S>.— Adipobe Tibsde pboh Teased H A. Ctonnectire-tiaaue taimework. B. Oells distended vtth tat ghowing tat cryst&ls. C OeUs Irom which the lat has been dissoWed by ether. D. Oella fainUf seen below the more ahuply tocuned phuw. X 400. PBACTICAL MICBOBCOPr. Oartilage consists of a dense basis substance, in which cells or chou droblasts are imbeded. It presents in three forms. HYALINE ( The matrix of hyaline cartilage is translusoent, dense, and appar- ently stmcturelesa. Ifiaate channels in certain instances, and deli cate fibrillce in others, have been demonstrated. Pro. 40.— Bkction of Hviune Cartiugk proii The ground -BUbetaiice is apparently atruotureleBs, and it coaUdna the membrane-Uned exoa- TSUona hi which one. two, three, or more canllBge cells appear. These cells show a well- marked Intra-cellular networli. X 400. The basis material contains excavations, generally spherical, called lacuniB. They are lined with a delicate membrane and contain one, two, three, and perhaps as many aa eight cells — the cartilage corpus- cles. Hyaline cartilage is found covering joints generally, where it is termed articular cartilage. It is also found in the trachea, the bronchi, the septnm narium, etc. Fig. 40 shows a section from one of the rings of a large bronchus. FIBRO-GA RTILAO E. Fibrous connective tissue predominating largely in the basis sub- fltance, produces a structure of great strength — fibro-cartilage. The ELASTIC OB BETICDLAB OABTILAQE. 57 intervertebral discs nSord an example of this varietj, from a section of which Fig. 41 has been drawn. The membrane lining the lacunse le fibrous Uaaue with is much thicker than in the previous example, and the fibrous tissue is a very prominent feature of the ground substance. 2LASTIC OE SETICULAB CARTILAGE. As the name implies, yellow elastic tissue is an important element ■of the ground substance of elastic cartilage. It presents in the form 58 PBAOnCAL MICBOSOOFT. of a reticulum, as shown in Fig. 13. It idnoteztensivelj distributed in the human being, although the cartilages of the external ear, Easta* chian tube, etc., are of this variety. Cartilage should be hardened by the chromic acid and alcohol pro- cess. The sections from which the tllDstrationa have been drawn were cut without the microtome. They should be cut extremely thin, not necessarily large. We frequently succeed in getting good fields from the thin edges of sections which may be elsewhere too thick. Stain with hssma. and eosin. The differentiation will be excellent. The delicate Dutritire channels in the matrix connecting the lacunie may be demonstrated in the cartilage of the sternum of the newt; the xiphoid appendix is sufficiently thin without sectioning. BONE. Bone consists of an osseous, lamellated matrix, in which occur irregularly shaped cavities — lanunis. The latter are connected by means of exceedingly fine chauueU — canaliculi. The lacanie contain the ^ne corpuscles, tlie bodies of which are projected into the cana- liculi. In compact bone, the blood-veasels run in a line parallel with the long axis of the bone, in branching inosculating channels (aTeraging one-five hundredth of an inch) — the Haversian canals. The lamellte oF OBseons tissue are arranged concentrically around these canals. A BiDfle HaverBian canal with the lamellffi surrounding and belonging to it coDBtitute an Hnversian system. The lamellfB beneath the periosteum are not arranged as above, Wt fto. 4t— TttiNBTKHt B. Haven^Bu canal. Tie taduuB, caiuUicull, and Haverslaa canals aU appear block In the secUon. with air aod the bon; fragmenta resultinK from grinding of the section, x W. psrallel with the surface of the bone. These plates are perforated at right angles, and obliquely by blooi I -vessels, from thu periost'iu ni, as they pass on their way to the Haversian canals. These lamellae are also perforated by calcific connective tissue — th& perforating fibres of Sharpey, An Haversian canal contains (Fig. 44) an artery, a venule, lymph 60 PEACTICAL MICEO8C0PT. channels, and a nerve filament. The whole is supported by connective- tiasne cells with delicate processes. The walls of the lymph spacee are proEonged into the caualiculi and thus placed iu connection with the elements of the surrounding laciinse. Each lacuna contains a hone corpuscle, the protoplasmic body ot ■which sends prolongations into the contiguous canaliculi. In the adult bone, the cell is shrunken ; and the processes just mentioned are not readily demonstrable. BOHE LlCDNA. B, B. Limiting membnuie o( tbe bone corpuscle witbi C, Nucleus and nueleolua of the eorposcle. D, D. ProJecUon of the ceU.bodj Into the canaliouU. Fig. 44 has been drawn from a section of dry bone which has been sawn as thin as possible, and afterward rnbbed down on a hone with water. It is a tedious process, and shows little but the osseous ma- trix. Bone should be decalcified for microscopical work, and it may SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES. 61 then be readily cut in thin sections with a razor. The process is as follows; To four ounces of the dilute chromic-acid solution add a drachm of C. P. nitric acid. The bone, previously divided into slices not over one-fourth of an inch in thickness, is then placed in the fluid, and should be completely decalcified in a week or ten days. Examine the pieces after twenty-four hours by puncturing with a needle. Should the action proceed too slowly, add a few drops more of the nitric acid from time to time. The bone eventually takes on a green colon After complete decalcification, wash the pieces for twenty-four hours in clean water, and preserve them until required, in " B '^ alcohol. Small pieces of young bone may be decalcified in a saturated aqueous solution of picric acid. The process is slow, but it leaves the tissue in excellent condition. Sections cut in the usual way may be stained with carmine and picric acid, and examined in a drop of glycerin. They should not after the staining be placed in the oil of cloves, as they would curl and become hard. Transfer them to equal parts of glycerin and water, from which they are to be carried to the slide. Add a drop more of the dilute glycerin if necessary and put on the cover-glass, carefully avoiding air bubbles. If you desire to make a permanent mounting, the edge of the cover must be cemented to the slide. Thoroughly wipe the slide, around the cover, with moistened paper, tmtil every trace of glycerin is removed. Then with a sable brush, paint a ring of zinc cement (vide formulae) around the slide just touching the edge of the cover-glass. Repeat the cementing in twenty-four hours. A turn-table will be a useful aid in this work. Dr. Carl Heitzmann, who uses glycerin as a universal mounting fluid, prefers ordinary black (asphalt) varnish as a cement. SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES. Connective Tissue of the Lymphatic System. — The matrix of lym- phoid or adenoid tissue consists of a network of branching cells, which support the lymph corpuscles. It is distributed extensively in organs, and where it appears in stained sections, the lymphoid cells are so numerous as to obscure the reticulum almost entirely. The structure will be minutely described in connection with the lym- phatic system. The Connective Tissue of the Central Nervous System (neuroglia) consists of branched connective-tissue cells, which are supported in 08 PKAOnCAL MICROSCOFr. an intimate network of exceedingly fine elastic fibrillte, and will re- ceive attention later in our work, EnibTyonic Connective Tissue presents a homogeneous, mncoid matrix containing branched cells. It is not fonnd normally in the adult. MUSCULAR TISSUE. This tissue is found in three yarieties: 1. Non-striated or involun- tary; 3. Striated, red, skeletal, or voluntary; 3. Cardiac. N0N-8TBIATED MUSCLE. The histological element of non-striated muscle is a spindle-shaped cell from one-tenth to one-fire hundredth of an inch long. The cell body presents longitudinal strife, and contains an ovoid nucleus. The nucleus contains a reticulum which is probably in connection with the ' Fia. 4T.— Wau. op the FRoa'a Budder, Stained with Hxiu. A. A. Bands of Involuutaiy muBculor fibre, rpcoeulzed by the apludJe-oell sarcoua elementa. B. A small arteriole, ehowuig the same muBcular element. C. Elcatterlng muBcle veils. D. Connective tissue eellB. X 400. fibrillEB, which produce the longitudinal striation of the body. The cells are not unfrequently bifid at one or both extremities, A trans- parent cement substance serves to unite these cells informing, with connective tissue, broad membianouB plates, bundles, plexuses, etc. 8TBIATED MUSCULAR TISSUE. 63 It serves to afford contractility, especially to the organs of vegetative life. Kill a good-sized frog by decapitation, and open the abdomen on the median line. Fill the bladder with air, after the introduction of a blowpipe into the vent. Remove the inflated bladder with a single cut with the curved scissors, and place it in a saucer of water. Pro- ceed to brush it, under the water, with two cameFs hair pencils so as to remove all of the cells from the inner surface. It will bear vigor- ous rubbing with one of the brushes, holding it at the same time with the other. Transfer to alcohol for ten minutes, and afterward stain with haema. and eosin. While in the oil, cut the tissue into small pieces, and mount flat in dammar. Examine L. and H. Observe the bands of involuntary muscle crossing in various direc- tions. You will distinguish (Fig. 47) between the muscle and the connective tissue cells by their nuclei. STRIATED MUSCULAR TISSUE. A skeletal or striated muscle consists of cylindrical fibres, one-three hundredth to one-six hundredth of an inch in diameter, and one to two inches long. These primitive fibres are supported by a delicate. /Uifiim II pill » /mnnnn nnnJ M n nnnnnnn^ M ' 1 diiiil Fio, 48.— DiAOBAM Indicatino the Minute Structure op Striated Muscular Fibre. A, A. Sarcolenuna. B, Krause's line connectiDg with the sarcolemma and dividinfi: the fibril into compartments. C, C. The rod-like contractUe substance. I^ Hensen's middle disc. u PBAOnCAL UiCBOBCUPT. transparent aheath — the sarcolemma. They are aggregated, forming primitive fasciculi, which are again united to form the larger bundles of a complete muscle. The connectiye tissue uniting the primitiTe fibres is termed endomyaium ; while that uniting the primitive bun- dles is i\i& perimysium. The primitive muscular fibres eshibit marked cross striations with colenuna alone remaining. B. Partly separated disc of Bowmati. C. UltlDiBte Qbrillffi. n. A blood capillary. X 400. Btretcbing dtirlng the teaatng, Uh si faint longitudinal markings, the former being produced by alternate dark and light spaces. Fig. 48 illustrates diagram m at ically the theory of the stmctnre of a primitive fibre: A indicates the sarcolemma. The dark substance B, B {Krause's membrane) divides the fibre completely, and is united with the sarcolemma. The light spaces C, 0, between Krause's membranes, containing the contractile substance, are termed the muscular compartments or discs of Bowman. This contractile snb- CARDIAC MUSCULAR FIBKE. 65 stance ia the living muscle is semi-jiiiid, but iu hardened tissue it can be split up, ae indicated at C, into rods, the sarcous elements. A transparent line, D, in this contractile substance can sometimes be demonstrated; it is known as Hemen's middle disc. Macerate human muscle, preferably that from the tongue, in dilute chromic acid for twenty-four hours; wash, tease in water, cover and focus H. Fig, 49 was drawn from such a preparation. The sarcolemma is best seen where the contractile substance has been broken. The muscle nuclei are seen at various points beneath the sarcolemma. Portions of a fibre have been split off ti-ansversely iu places, indicating the discs of Bowman. Sarcous elements are in- dicated where the fibre has been split during the teasing. The capillaries are arranged in a direction parallel to the fibres, with fre- quent transverse connections. CARDIAC MUSCULAR FIBRE. It presents the following characteristics: 1. The fibres are smaller than those of ordinary skeletal mnacle;- %. They are striated both transversely and longitudinally, 3. They branch, forming frequent inosculatioDS. 4. They are divided by distinct transverse lines into short prisms. 5. Their nuclei are situated within the fibre. 6. They present no distinct sarcolemma. 86 PRACTICAL MICaOSCOPY. Fig. 50 has been draivti from fresh cardiac miiBcle, teased in nor- mal ealt solution, and tinted with eosin. BLOOD-VESSELS. Blood-vessels include arteries, arierfo'es, capillaries, venules, and veins. Thej are all lined with flattened endothelial cells cemented by their edges; and their walls are constructed from non- striated muscular, yellow elastic and fibrous connective tissues, in proportions varying according to the size and function of the vessel. Arteries are the active, while the veins are comparatively passive agents in the circulation of the blood. The large arteries are eminently elastic, from preponderance of yel- low elastic tissue; while the arterioles are eminently contractile, from excess of muscular fibre. FlO. Gl.— TlUKBTKHBB SECTION OF ± Uedidh-sieed Abtesy, Pabtlt DuosAHiUTia. A. The endothelial cells [Q profile, B. Elastic and connectiie tissue supporting the endothelium, C. The InterDBl eUtsUc lamina or fen«al:rated membrone. A, B. and Ccohstltate the mmu of the artery. D. The HEDU. It conBists ot muscular and elastic tlseues in aHernatJng lajen. E. Points to one of the elasUo layers. F. The ADi-mNTiiii. Loose, connective tissue, with tew elastic fibres. Arteries possess three coats; the intima (internal), media (middle), and adventi/ia (external). Fig. 61 represents a medium-sized typical artery. The intima, or internal coat (1), consists of a layer of flattened endothelial cells, which rest upon fibrous connective tissue, with a few elastic fibres. The last is surrounded by a layer of elastic tissue, the elastic lamina or fenestrated membrane, which is the external limit of the intima. It presents in a transverse section as a wavy (from contraction of BL(H>I>VE88ELS. 87 the media) ahining line; and is an important element, from its rela- tion to certain abnormalities of the blood-vessels. The media (%) consists of alternate layers of elastic and muscular tissue. The ad- Tentitia (3) is composed of fibrous connective tissue, containing some elastic elements. As we approach the larger arteries, the muscular tissue diminishes in quantity and the elastic tissue is increased. On the otlier hand, the elastic element diminishes with preponderance of muscle as we approach the smaller arteries, until we meet the arterioles, the walls of which are made almost exclusively of involuntary muscular fibre. The walls of capillaries oonsist of a single layer of flattened endo- thehai ceils cemented by their edges. The union is not quite con- rto. 6S.~Jaoi^Tat Blood Capillirieb. i. Fbina from a pulmonary alveolus, Malned with [lilver. X 850. B, CapIUoii from omentum, stained with sUrerand htema. X TOO, Id A, UieoeUi are outlined by the silver; while in B the nudul in addition are brought out by tinuouB, as minute openings (stomata) are to he seen at irregular in- tervals. The walla of veins are much thinner than those of arteries. The intima presents an endothelial lining, but no fenestrated membrane; and the line of demarcation between this coat and tlie media is often indistinct. The media contains muscular, but little elastic tissue; and the adventitia, usually the most prominent of the three coats, ia composed largely of fibrous connective tissue. I shall defer the microscopical examination of blood-vessels until ve meet them in future sections of organs, as they are best studied ID such GOQuectioD. PART THIRD. ORGANS. THE SKII^, The skin consists of (1) the epidermis (or scarf skin), which every- where covers and protects (2) the derma (corium or true skin). The epidermis varies greatly in thickness in different locations; and in the thicker portions several layers may be differentiated. It is composed entirely of cells, while the derma is fibrous. 00 •5* ^1. Stratum Corneum, ) ^ j^ 2. Stratum Lucidum, [ J j - < 3. Stratum Granulosum, ) Tiyroi^;„u:«„ To^^^ 4. Stratum of Prickle Cells, f ^fe^T^^.^lZ'^ ^5. Stratum 6f Elongate {Pigment) Cells, ) °^ Ketemucosum. ^ .2 S • I— t a, The stratiim corneum consists of old, exhausted, flattened, and desiccated cells, which are constantly falling from the entire surface of the body. Dandruff consists of impacted cells from this source. Those portions most frequently exposed to friction, e. g,y the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, are protected by a corneous epider- mal layer of great thickness. The stratum lucidum, or clear layer, presents cells in form not unlike those in the preceding stratum; they are, however, translucent. This is properly a part of the previous stratum, is often absent, and frequently very difficult of demonstration. The stratum granulosum, or granular layer, is composed of flat- tened cells containing opaque granules. THE SKIN. W Immediatelj beneath the laat-nnmed layer, the cells become strik- inglj altered in form and appearance. The prickle cells are poly- gons or compressed spheroids, with large, oval nuclei, and minute, projecting spines. By means of these processes they are very firmly united. The fifth and last (deepest) layer of the epidermis is composed of a single rank of elongate cells, placed with their long axes at right angles to the surface of the skin. These cells contain the pigment which gives the hue peculiar to the skin of colored individuals. Tv). M.— YntnoAi. Skctioh of the EE>n>BEtiiis Hahd. Btalned wlUi The first two layers of the epidermis constitute, properly, the homy layer; while the remaioing three strata compose the rete mu- cosum or rete Malpighti. The derma, cerium, or true skin is composed of dense, flbrillated connective tissue, so formed as to present minute elevations or papil- 70 PKACnCAL MICROSCOPT. Iffl oyer the entire sarface of the body. These papillie are covered with abasement membmne, and are protected from undue irritation by the epidermal layers. The subcutaneous cellular tissue (upon which the true skin rests) consists of fibrillated conncctiye-tisBue with elastic elements, from which strong interlacing bands are formed. These, in the deeper parts, form septa which support lobnles of adipose tissue. These iso- lated collections of adipose tissue, when elongated and placed verti- cally to the surface, constitute the/fl( columns of Sattertkwaite. I.-Vkhiical Skption of thb Dkrki, OB TBm Skin. A, A. Line of elongate cells belonging to the epidermis. B, B, B. eunuQlU of three papillEe of the true aldn. C, C, C. Portions of capillary loops In the papillEe. D, D. Nerve loops, tactile corpuscles. >: 261), The blood-yessels supplying the skin may be seen in vertical sec- tions, in the subcutaneous tissue. Brunches from these are sent to the papillffi, where they terminate in delicate, interlacing loops of capillaries. Mednllated nerves are also sent to the papillae ; and in certain lo- ations, they may be seen to terminate in tortuous structures — the THE HAIBS, 71 tactile corpuscles. Varicose nerve fibrils have been traced between the cells in the rete mueosura of the epidermis. APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN. The appendages of the skin are the hairs, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and the nails. THE HAIRS. A hair, consistiDg of a, root and shaft, is constructed from elongate cells which are cemented together, and overlapped with cell-plates. The central part of medullated haira ia composed of cubical cells, pig- ment, and occasional minute air hubbies. The root penetrates the stratum corneum and (appearing to have pushed the rete mucosum before it) passes through the true akin and terminates in a bulb usually in the subcutaneous tissue, where it ,— ToiHBViBSB Sbctioh OF HuH, AND Haib-Folliolb. Psttlf DlaKTBiniiiatic. . Melulla o( balr. Root Sbeath. Qlaaay membraDe. . Fibrous waUoI the follicle, rests upon a papilla composed of an extremely delicate plexus of blood capillaries. The Hair Follicle. — The root of the hair, in its passage to the papilla, is invested with sheaths derived from the skin. The hair, with its follicle, is indicated in transverse section in Fig. 55. A represents the medulla, and B the cortex of the hair. Outside the root sheath C, and derived from the rete mucosum of the epidermis, is a thin layer, the glassy membrnne D. This is projected from the baeement membrane covering the surface of the corium or true skin. 72 PBACnOAL MICROSCOPY. The whole is surrounded by a fibrous coat E, derived from the con- nective tissue of the derma. A vertical section of the follicle is indicated in Fig. 56. A, B, and C represent the epidermal layers which do not enter into its composi- A'. B'. A. B. C. Fig. 56.— Diagram Showing Mode of Forikation of Haib-Folliole. Epidermal layers. Derma or true skin. Homy layer of epidermis. Stratum lueidum. Stratum granulosum. The three last-mentioned form no part of the follicle. D. Rete Malpighii. This will be seen projected into the depths of the true skin to form the root-sheath G. E. Hyaline membrane covering the derma. This is projected into the follicle, forming the glassy membrane, Q. F. Fibrous tissue of the derma, forming the fibrous sheath of the hair-follicle, L 0. Root-sheath of the hair-follicle. H. Glassy membrane of the follicle. 1. Fibrous sheath of the follicle. J. The hair-follicle. tion. The rete mucosum D forms the root-sheath at G. The base- ment membrane of the corium E forms the glassy membrane H, while the connective tissue F constitutes the fibrous layer of the hair follicle J. SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS. A sweat gland consists of a tube or duct (vide Fig. 57, at A) which, from the opening upon the surface, passes in a spiral course through the several layers of the skin to the deeper part of the corium, where it becomes coiled in a bunch as at D. The coiled or gland part of the tube is surrounded by a network of capillaries. At B, the tube is seen in transverse section. The gland tube D is pro- vided with a wall of connective tissue and smooth or involuntary muscle, lined with conical cells. The epithelial lining of the duct is granular; the luliien small and lined with a thin cuticular mem- SITDOBIFEBOU8 AND SEBACEOtTS 0LAND8. A- Dfagnnimatlc sweat-gland. B. The same. showJnii a trsnan seTeral lajeiH ot cells. V. The i IS TOBDLiB QLJUIII. Its duct. J>. Colled, glandular part. >e section of both parts. X 401). C. Thi led glandular part lined with columnar Fia. BS.— SiNOLE Lobule oi A. The flbroua wall ot tbe sac. B. iDToluDtary muscular element of the wall. C. Polyhedral cells filling Ihe sac campleUly. D. Fatty degeneration of the parenchfma at i. Sebaoeods Gl.A^'D. le neck of the gland, formation of lebum. 74 PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY. brane. The latter constitutes the entire wall of the duct as the sur- face of the epidermis is approached, the cellular elements having dis- appeared. Krause estimated the number of sweat glands at over two millions. SEBACEOUS GLANDS. These glands are little sacs or lobules, one or more of which open into each hair follicle. These sacs are entirely filled with polyhedral cells (vide Fig. 58). At the neck of the gland the cells become granular, fatty, and disintegrated, producing the sebum. MUSCLES OF THE HAIR FOLLICLES. « Attached to the fibrous layer of each hair follicle is a small band of involuntary or smooth muscular fibre — the arrector pili. This passes obliquely toward the surface of the skin; and when contrac- tion takes place, the follicle and hair are elevated, producing the phenomenon known as goose-flesh. PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION. Remove the skin from the parts below as soon after death as prac- ticable. Tissue may frequently be secured after surgical operations from stumps, etc. Dissect deepl}^ so as to preserve the subcutaneous tissue. Small cubes from the finger-tips, the palm of the hand, the scalp, and the groin may be hardened quickly in strong alcohol ; and vertical sections should be made as soon as the tissue hjis become suf- ficiently firm. Stain with haema. and eosin, and mount in dammar. The structure of hairs may be best demonstrated by washing the soap from lather, after shaving, with several changes of water. When clean, decant the water and add alcohol. After twenty-four hours again decant and add oil of cloves. With a pipette carry a drop of the oil with the deposited hair cuttings to a slide, remove as much of the oil as possible with slips of blotting-paper, and mount in dammar. Oblique, vertical, and transverse sections may be readily obtained by this method. VERTICAL SECTION OP SKIN FROM THE GROIN. (Vide Fig. 59.) Observe : (L.) * 1. The horny layer of the epidermis. (The stratum lucidum will hardly be demonstrable on account of the thinness of the epider- mis in this region.) * Low power, t. e., from thirty to sixty diameters. VERTICAL SECTION OF SKIN FSOM THE GKOIN. 75 2. The rete mucosum. (The section from whioh the illustration has been drawn was taken from a negro, and the deep cells were pig- mented.) 3. The sharp line of demarcation between the epidermis and the true skin. THE Oroin. Stained with Htema. ajid EohId. Fio. 5B.— ViRTic*L Seotiok A. Epidermis. B. Deep, elongoled cells of the C,C. PapllliBoftniealdii. D. D. SubcntaueouB areolar tissue. E. E. CoUectioos ot odipoee Usaue, F. Shalt ot balr^obUqiielf secUoned). a. Bool-staeaCh ol loal. H. Fibrous sheath ol last. I. Hair papilla (renlcal aeetlont. J, J. J. Portions of sebaceous glands (one on the eitreme right of the Gi lioD with the hah-foUli^i. K, K. Airectoree pill. T» Hair-follicle with contahied shaft of hair id very obhque section. K, M, Coils of sudoriferous glanda. N. Sphal duct of last. Ol O. Arteries of subcutaoeous plane. 4. The papillx of the cerium or derma. (Note the absence of any sharp line dividing the corium and subcutaneous tissues). 5. The larger blood-vessels of the subcutaneous region. 76 PBACTICAL MICROSCOPY. (The arteries in transverse section are plainly indicated by their prominent media, the appearance of the fenestrated membrane as a wavy yellowish line, and by the elliptical or circular outline. The veins are smaller, with thinner walls, and their outline is generally irregular. The smaller veins are commonly overlooked, on account of their lumen having become obliterated by contraction of the tissue in hardening.) 6. Coils and ducts of sweat glands in last region. (The tubes are cut in various directions, and the whole is surrounded by dense fibrous tissue, forming a kind of capsule. ) 7. The collections of adipose tissue beneath the last region. (The septa are dense and strong.) 8. (Having selected a vertical section of a hair follicle:) (a) The root of the contained hair, (b) The bulb and the hair pa- pilla, (c) The medulla of the hair, (d) The root-sheath pro- longed from the rete mucosum. {e) The fibrous (outer) sheath. 9. The sebaceous glands. (The demonstration of the connection between the neck of the gland and the follicle will require a very favorable section.) 10. (Scattered through thecorium and upper subcutaneous region:) (a) Small portions of sebaceous glands, (b) Ducts of sudor- iferous glands, {c) Oblique sections at various angles of hair follicles (d) Small vessels. 11. Arrector pili muscle. (Nearly always to be found standing obliquely to the divided hair follicle. ) (H.)* 12. (If demonstrable :) (a) The stratum lucidum. {b) Stratum granulosum. 13. The elongate cells of the rete, next the corium. 14. (Where the tissue has been torn :) The impacted cells of the horny epidermis. 15. The basement membrane covering the corium. 16. Capillaries of the papillae of the corium. (These may be distinguiwhed, when seen longitudinally, by tortuous lines of elongate and deeply stained nuclei belonging to the endothelium. Arterioles may be differentiated by their long muscle cells, the circular fibres lying transversely to the vessel. ) 17. The root-sheath of the hair follicles. (The cells composing the root-sheath vary in appearance, according to their position rela- * Hign power, i, e., from three to four hundred diameters. VERTICAL SECTION OF SKIN FROM THE GROIN. 77 lively to the hair ; and this will enable you to demonstrate two layers, or an inner and an outer root-sheath.) 18 The glassy membrane of the hair follicle. (Appearing simply as a clear space between the root-sheaths and the outer fibrous coat. ) 19. The intra-cellular network in the large polyhedral cells of tlie sebaceous glands, and the minute fat globules in the same. 20. The nuclei of the fat cells in the adipose tissue. (They ap- pear pressed to one side). 21. MeduUated nerve bundles in transverse or oblique section. 78 PBACnCAL MICROSCOPY. THE TEETH. A human dentinal tooth is a calcific structure of extreme hardness, and is divided into an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or more concealed fangs — the latter being inserted into an alveolus, by means of which the whole is firmly connected with the maxilla. The central portion presents an elongate cavity (pulp-cli amber) containing vascular, nervous, and connective-tissue elements — the pulp. The pulp-cavity is surBounded by the dentine, which constitutes the major portion of the tooth. The crown portion of the dentine is provided with a covering of enamel, while the fang is invested with an osseous cement, the crusta petrosa, A thin (one-twenty five thousandth to one-fifty thousandth of an inch) membrane — the cuticula — covers the enamel in early life, while the crusta receives a periosteal investiture. The vascular and nervous elements of the pulp obtain admission to the pulp-cavity by a perforation or foramen at the apex of the fang, the foramen den- tium. The Pidp. — The ground -substance, or stroma of the pulp, is a form of primitive connective tissue, gelatinous rather than markedly fibrous. It contains elongate capillary loops, multipolar cells, me- dullated and non-medullated terminal nerve fibrils. Surrounding the pulp mass, and next to the dentinal wall of the chamber, we find a single layer of elongate cells — odontoblasts. These are in communication, by means of processes, or prolongations, with fibrous elements of the pulp. Dentine, — The dentinal stroma or matrix is cartilaginous, with calcific elements, and is, next to the enamel, the hardest tissue of the body. The matrix is pierced with the dentinal canals (one-ten thou- sandth to one-twenty thousandth of an inch in diameter) which radiate from their beginning, next the pulp-chamber, toward the outer por- tion of the dentine. These canals branch and anastomose, and are lined with an exceedingly thin dentinal sheath. From the outer extremity of the odontoblasts of the pulp numer- ous prolongations are sent which are continued within the dentinal canals as the dentinal fibres. The dentinal canals terminate exteriorly, by very fine lumina, in a system of irregularly formed openings, in- terglobular spaces, which are channeled in the outer part of the den- THE TEETH. tine. The dentinal terminal fibres are in connection with branched cells which occupy the interglobular spaces. B. Ponunen denOum tor eotraDce ol 0. C. U. Dentine. The UneB point lu the ii deuljiutl Btroma. D. D. Tnter^lohular BimceB In La^t layer, f om K, E, CruBta potrosa or uemnnt substance. F. Enamel. The parallel lincB are intended pulp. Lcnmental line obtained fresh, a piece, say three inches long, should be emptied of its contents, filled with alcohol by tying the ends, and the whole hardened in strong spirit. Under no circumstances should the gut be washed, and great care must be taken to avoid injuring the delicate cells covering the villi. Vertical sections with the micro- tome are the most valuable. Stain with hiema. and eosin, and mount permanently in dammar. VERTICAL SECTION OF THE ILEUM, INCLUDING POR- TION OF A PATCH OF PEYER. HUMAN. (Vide Pig. 68.) Obsekvb: (L.) 1. The villi, {a) That they are of vanring: lengths, slender, wavy, and delicate. {l>) The covering of columnar cells. (The FAn:H. YbbticiIi SiOTtOK. . TntiUTerse sections of crjpte of UeberkUm, , C. Crjpta in yertlcal section. , D, D. Nodules ot lymphoid tiesue— coDBtitutiiu> a patch ot Peyer, . UuBculsris mucOBte. THE ILEUM. PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION. 93 free extremities of many of the villi in the drawing are seen broken, Bud the epithelium is wanting in places. It is almost impossible to secure perfect villi from human intestine, on account of the length of time usually intervening between death and the removal of the tissue.) (c) Oblique sections. 2. The crypts of Lieberkuhn. 3. The lymphatic nodules (so-called solitary glands), constituting the elements of a patch of Peyer. (a) Their projection upon the mucous surface of the gut between the villi, (b) The cover- ing with epithelium on their free borders. (They are located, properly speaking, in the submucosa and between the villi. In the drawing, their bases do not all appear in the submucosa, inasmuch as the nodules are ciit in different planes. ) 4. Muscularis mucosae, (a) The elongate nuclei of the invol- untary muscular element. 5. The submucosa. (a) The blood-vessels, (b) Lymph spaces. (Lymphatic channels are very irregular in form and size, and are often mistaken, in sections, for ruptures in the connective tissue. The stained nuclei of the endothelial cells, with which all lymph channels are lined, will enable you to differentiate.) {c) Glands of Brunner, (There are none shown in this section. The glands consist of convoluted, branching tubes which penetrate from the crypts to the submucosa. They are lined with columnar epithe- lium, and as they are divided in a section, they resemble very nearly a crypt of Lieberkuhn. Extensive groups are found in the duodenum at its pyloric origin.) (H.) 6. The villi, (a) The covering columnar cells, {b) Beaker cells scattered between the last. (These beaker, goblet, or mucous cells are well shown in the intestine of the dog or rabbit.) (c) The lacteals. (These are not plainly demonstrable, under ordinary cir- cumstances, in human tissue. Sections from the gut of a dog killed during the active digestion of materials rich in hydrocarbons, will show them filled with minute fat globules. ) (d) The basis tissue, a fibrous reticulum containing many lymphoid cells, {e) Portions of the capillary plexuses. 7. Blood-vessels of the mucosa below the villi. 8. The adenoid tissue of the lymph nodules. FBAOnCAL M1CB0800PT. THE LUNG. BBONCHIAL TUBES. At the root of each lung the large primary bronchus enters, and immediately dirideB into two equal branches — dicbotomouBly. It is evident that if this mode of subdiTiaion were continued, the peri- Fia. 89.— DiAOKAH bbovino the Plan op Sbbditibioh or Bboncbi, jk tbx EmAK Jjusa. Aa the main brDDCbue eoterg the orgaa it ta Been to dlvlile, dichotomoiuly, x brandies become quite gmall— n; one-tentii loch, Tbese small bronchi now pume ft ibwl^it course towards the perlpheiy ot the lung, at the Bame time gtvtaig off braacbes splrall;. Hie last divide dlchotomouBlj and result hi the terminal, ultimate, or oaplllarf broocU. phery of the organ alone would contain minute bronchi. The arrange- ment is, however, such as to give everywhere throughout the lung, BBOMOHIAL TUBES. 95 Ironchial twigs, terminal or capillary bronchi, from one-one hundredth to one-two hundredth of an inch in diameter, as follows: The dichotomous subdivision is continued until the resulting hranches become reduced to about one-sixth of an inch in diameter, when this mode of division ceases, and the resulting tubes are projected radially toward the periphery of the lung. As the straight tubes pursue their course, side branches are given off in spiral succession. The side tubes themselves give off branches which divide dichoto- mously into the terminal bronchi. The straight tubes constantly diminish in size, and ultimately divide and result also in terminal bronchi. The diagram (Fig. 69) is intended to illustrate this plan of subdivision, but it is purely schematic. A typical bronchial tube (Fig. 71) presents four coats as follows: 1. Epithelial. 2. Internal fibrous or mucosa. 3. Muscular or muscularis mucosae. 4. External fibrous or submucosa. The lining epithelium is composed of cylindrical cells, provided on their free extremities with delicate hair-like appendages — the cilia. Between the pointed, attached end of the ciliated cells, small ovoid cells are wedged, and the whole rests upon a layer of round cells. The epithelium pursues a wavy course, so that the lumen of a tube appears stellate rather than circular in transverse section. This greatly increases the extent of surface. The internal fibrous coat or mucosa is composed of a small amount of connective tissue, which, just beneath or outside the epithelium, sustains collections of adenoid or lymphoid tissue. In the pig, a con- siderable quantity of yellow elastic tissue is found in the mucosa out« side the adenoid tissue, but the amount is smaller in man. The fibres are for the most part disposed longitudinally. Many nutrietit vessels from the bronchial artery, capillaries, venules, and lymph-spaces are also found in this coat. The muscular coat — muscularis mucosa — does not differ from the same layer in other mucous membranes. Its thickness varies in pro- portion to the size of the bronchus, the smaller tube possessing rel- atively the thicker walls. The fibres pass circularly, and are of the non-striated or involuntary variety. The external coat or submucosa is largely composed of loose con- nective tissue, the fibres being mostly arranged circularly. A few delicate elastic fibres run longitudinally. The external fibres, like those of all tubes, dacts, and vessels, are for the purpose of establish- ing connection with the organ or part traversed; so that it is often 96 PRACTICAL MI0EO9COPY. difficalt to demoustrate the exact external limit of a bronchus. This coat ia liberally supplied with uutrieut braDches from the bronchial artery. The elasticity and strength of the larger and medium-sized bronchi are greatly increased by the presence of cartilage in the form of plates, which are imbedded in the external coat. They are not uni- form in size, neither are they placed regularly. They frequently overlap one another, and two or three ma; be superposed. As the tubes become reduced in size the plates become diminished in fre- quency — disappearing altogether when s diameter of about one- twentieth of an inch has been reached. The cartilage is of the hyaline variety; and each plate is covered with a dense fibrous coat, the perichondrium, which unites it with contiguous parts. B. Ciliated columnar epltheUum, C. iDterual abrouB \»,jei-M-acota. E. Biternai flbrouB Iftjer— SuimvuOMa. F. Pulmonary artery. H, H, H, Pulmonary alTeoll BumnmdlDE bronchus. X BO. The principal bronchi are provided with a great number of mucous glands, which are located in the external coat or submucosa. They are simple, coiled tubular glands; commencing on the inner surface, penetrating the mucosa and muscularis mncosro, and terminating in the submucosa, generally within the cartilage where they are coiled in short, close turns resembling, in gectione, somewhat the largfer BBONOHUS OF PIG. 97 sweat glands of the skin. The ciliated epithelium of the bronchus is continued down the beginning of the tube for a short distance, after which the cells are shortened, and lose their cilia. The coiled, gland-pai*t of the tube is lined with conical cells, which are so large as to leave the lumen very small. Sometimes, and especially in the aged, an ampulliform dilatation of the tube may be seen during its passage through the mucosa. The description just given will apply to large and medium-sized bronchi. Very important changes take place as we pass to the ter- minal tubes. As the tubes decrease in size, the first coat to diminish in thickness is the outer, or snbmucosa. We have already alluded to the disap- pearance of the cartilage, and the mucous glands are lost at about the same time. The outer coat becomes, in the small bronchi, so thin as to be no longer distinctly demonstrable. The muscular coat is the last to disappear. It remains a prominent feature of the tube as long as separate coats can be distinguished. The epithelial cells lining the tubes toward the termini become shortened, and, getting lower and lower, at last result in flat, pavement epithelium. The walls of terminal bronchi (diameter one-one hundredth to one- two hundredths of an inch) are composed of a slight amount of con- nective tissue in which an occasional non-striated muscle-cell and yellow elastic fibre can be distinguished. They are lined with a single layer of fiat cells. Ko definite layers are distinguishable in these brunchi. In a transverse section the lumen would appear cir- cular. PEACTICAL DEMONSTEATION. The histology of the bronchi can be studied to best advantage, using tissue from a freshly killed pig or sheep. Short pieces of tubes, about one-quarter of an inch in diameter, from which most of the lung substance has been cut away, should be hardened quickly in strong alcohol. Transverse sections can be made free-handed, or the tissue may be infiltrated with bayberry tallow or celloidin, and cut with the microtome. Stain with haema. and eosin, and mount in dammar. TEANSVEESE SECTION OF POETION OF BEONCHUS OF PIG. (Fig. 71.) Observe: (I.) 1. The epithelial lining: {a) The wavy course, (h) Eegions occupied by beaker or goblet cells. (The letter E in the drawing 98 PEACnCAI. MlCKOeCOPT, leads to such a group.) (c) Tlie number of nuclei, indicating the preaence of more than a single layer of cella. 3. The mucosa, (n) Deejilj stained blue nuclei of the adenoid tissue just beneath the epithelium, (b) Pink portion of the region below the adenoid tissue. (The longitudinal elastic fibres cut trans- versely.) (c) Blood-vessels. 3. The muscular coat. («) Apparent solution of continuity in places caused by tubes of mucous glands, (b) The absence of large vessels in this coat. . Cartilage pIftMs ot eiMrnal flbrouB coat. . BroQcbial orteiy— The puLmonaiT artery is , Branchlai vein. THE PULMONARY BLOOD-VESSELS. 99" 4 The external layer, (a) Its extent. (It includes the remain- der of the section.) (b) Large cartilage plates, 0^ stained blue. (c) Cartilage cells. (Note their differing forms and disposition in rows next the surfaces of the plates.) {d) Periosteum, stained pink. (e) Mucous gland coils. (They are usually between the cartilage and the muscular coat, (f) Section of bronchial arteries and veins, (g) Collections of adipose tissue on the outer surface. (A) Portion or whole of pulmonary artery and medullated nerve trunks outside of and accompanying the bronchus. (They do not appear in the illustration.) (H.) 5. Epithelial lining, (a) Cilia of columnar cells, (b) The ovoid cells between the tapering columnar cells, (c) The round cells^ "basement membrane/^ upon which the columnar cells rest. (d) The goblet or beaker cells. 6. The mucosa, (a) The reticulum of the adenoid tissue. (Will appear only where the lymph corpuscles have been accidentally brushed out.) (b) The transversely divided eads of the elastic fibres. (They appear as a pink mosaic. ) (c) Capillaries. (They may frequently be traced for a considerable distance in their tortuous course.) 7. The cartilage plates, (a) Several cells in a single cavity. (b) The intracellular network. 8. The mucous glands, (a) That some of the cells are stained precisely like the (other) mucous cells, the beakers, (b) If possible, a g^land tube leading up to the lumen of the bronchus. (An am- pnllif orm dilatation is shown in the upper part of the drawing. ) THE PXJLMONAEY BLOODVESSELS. The prominent accompaniments of the bronchus, at the root of the lung^ are the pulmonary artery (carrying venous blood) and the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary artery enters the lung with the bronchus, following in its ramifications^ to end in capillary plexuses in the wall of the sac- like dilatations, which are in connection with the ultimate Bronchi. The blood is then collected in venules, which unite to form the pul- monary veins. The latter pursue an independent course in their exit, not accompanying the bronchi until the root of the lung (nearly) has been reached. The bronchial artery (nutrient) enters with the bronchus, supplying its walls and the connective-tissue framework of the lung. 100 PKACnCAL MICB08COPY. A considerable amount of connective tissue accompanies and sup- ports the organs which enter the lung, and is eventually in connec- tion with the fibrous framework of the organ. The lung will, therefore, be seen to differ from organs generally, in that it contains two distinct vascular supplies, viz., 1. The pulmo- nary (of venous blood), entering for the purpose of its own oxygena- tion; 2. The bronchial (arterial), which corresponds to the usual nutrient blood supply of organs. THE PLEURA. The lung is completely enveloped with a membrane composed ex- ternally of pavement epithelium, while the visceral portion is made up of interlacing fibrous and elastic tissue. The deep or visceral layer of the pleura sends prolongations in the form of septa into the substance of the lung, dividing it into rounded polyhedral compartments or lobules. The interlobular septa have usually become prominent in the human adult from deposits of inhaled carbon in their lymph channels. THE PULMONARY ALVEOLI. The lung is constantly employed in maintaining the integrity of the blood. This is accomplished by the exposure of the latter to a con- tinual supply of atmospheric air. The air is introduced into little sacs (termed air vesicles or alveoli), in the walls of which the blood is distributed in a capillary plexus. The air does not reach the capil- laries themselves, inasmuch as they are covered with a layer of flat cells. These cells, constituting the parenchyma of the lung, have the power, on the one hand, of selecting such material from the air as may be required, passing it on to the blood in the capillaries; and, on the other, of removing effete materials from the blood, transferring it to the atmospheric contents of the air sacs for exhalation. The air sacs or alveoli are not unlike minute bladders. Their dia- meter about equals that of a terminal bronchus, viz., from one-one hundredth to one-two hundredth of an inch. A group of these alve- oli are associated in the manner shown in Fig. 72, their contiguous walls fusing and all opening into a common cavity, the infundihulum. The whole is in connection with a terminal bronchus vide (Fig. 73). A primary lobule having been thus constructed, several are associ- ated and united to a slightly larger bronchial twig, and there results one of the polj?hedral lobules, previously mentioned as visible, espe- cially on the surface of the lung. By a repetiton of such elements the lung is constructed. THE PDLMONABT ALVEOLI. 101 The wall of a pnlmonary alveolus or air sac is composed of connec- tive tissue, supporting the capillary network, with a considerable amonnt ol elastic tissue and an occasional muscular Abre. The whole, as we have said, is lined with a single layer of fiat pavement epithe- lium. The capillary plexus, when filled with blood, affords the most prominent feature of the wall; but when the vessels have been emp- Fio. 7S. — DuoRiti or ah Ui;tiiiate Pduioiubt Lobule. A. A terminal bronchus. B. Tlie air-sacs or alTeoU. tied of their contents, they become very insignificant under the micro- scope, and the fibre-elastic tissue becomes more apparent. You will have observed that, aside from the vascular supply, the histology of an alveolar wall resembles very closely that of a terminal bronchus, and when the vessels are all empty it is frequently difficult to difEer- entiate them in 'the mounted section. Fig. 74 shows a single alveolus, the vessels of which have been injected with a solution of colored gelatin. The alveolus has been divided through the middle, and shows as a cup-shaped cavity. The fibrous marginal walls are indicated with their tortuous capillaries. The epithelial cells lining the bottom are obscured by the opaque eapillaries, and show only between the loops. It is probable that tbeee cells cover the plexus completely as they line the alveoli. We now encounter an obstacle which will frequently be met in our study of organs. It consists of the difficulty in recognizing in sec- tions the plan of siruclure which we have learned is peculiar to the organ under consideration. For example: A lung has been compared to a tree. The bronchi are the representatives of the branches, and the air sacs of the fruit. Well, we make- a section from human lung — it matters little as to the direction — with every possible care, and SI&iDed nilh Hi CaplUartea iiiject« pear in the drawing, as the latter are filled with aa opaque laJectiOD. The observer is aapposed to be above the sectioned alveolus, viewing the cup-ahaped cavity. the image in the deld of the microscope resembles a fragment of rag- ged lace more nearly than anything else ! The arrangement of the tubes and alveoli of the lung has been determined by Ailing the cavi- ties with melted was which, when cold, and the tissue destroyed by J LDNO OF PIG. 108 acid, gives a perfect mould of the ot^an. A section gives us but a single plane, aud this fact musi be always borne in mind. PEAOTIOAL DEMONSTRATION. With a very sharp razor, cut half-inch cubes from pig's Iting. Se- lect portions free from large bronchi, with the pleura on one side at least, and harden with strong alcohol. Human lung, as fresh as pos- sible, may he treated in the same manner. The epithelium of the klreoli shows best in young lung. Pieces of foetal lung are easily har- dened, and should be studied with reference to medico-legal work. Lung must be made very hard, or thin sections cannot be cut. If the ordinary dSj^ alcohol does not harden sufficiently, the process may be completed by transferring the tissue for twenty-four hours to absolute alcohol. The celloidin infiltrating process is well adapted to this Btrueture, Stain human lung sections with borax-carmine, and pig's with bEema. and eosin. Mount in dammar. Fuh n.— Sbittiom or Lima or J^. StaJDed with Heema. and Boeln. A, A. nifuiulibiils Id T. B. B, B, B. A!»eoU; bo Bectionel as to show tha outline only. C 0, C. AlveoU ; bo sectioned aa t D. D, D. AlreoU; BectloaedBooal E,E. TennlDal broucbl In T. a 104 PBACnOAL MIOBOSCOPT. SECTION OP LUNG OF PIG. {Vide Pig. 75.) Obsebte: ih.) 1. The large scalloped openings A A, transversely divided infun- dibula. 2. The divided alveoli B B, bo sectioned as to cat off both bottom and top, and show no epithelial lining excepting at inner edge of periphery. 3. The alveoli 0, divided bo aB to Bhow a cup-shaped bottom or top. (The minute granules are the nuclei of the lining cells.) 4. The alveoli D D, so cut as to leave most of bottom or top, show- ing an opening in the centre where the sac has been Bliced off. Tut. 76.— TRixaTEiiSB Section of A, A, A. Walla of alTBoluB. B Limien. C. C, C, Capillaries variously sectioned In their tortuous cc D. Pavement epithella Intact. E. Detached pavement cell. F. Detached cluat F. Oranular llnlig cells. Q. Pulmooatj aitery. HUMAN LUNG. 10& 5. Openings^ E E^ which are about the same size and bear a general resemblance to those of Obs. 2. (Note that their internal edges are smooth and not ragged. They are terminal bronchi. No larger bronchi have been included in the section.) HUMAN LUNG. SECTION SHOWING A SINGLE ALVEOLUS. (Fig. 76.) Observe: (1.) 1. The outline of alveolus. (The alveoli in human lung will show much distortion, as the tissue cannot be secured in perfect con- dition.) (H.) 2. The fibrous wall A A. 3. The lumen B. (The bottom or top has been cut off in making the section. ) 4. The tortuous capillaries CO, in the fibrous v^all. 5. The lining epithelial cells, (a) Those remaining attached to the edges of the wall D. (b) Detached cells E. (c) Groups partly detached P. G. The divided pulmonary artery G. (A medium-sized bronchus existed in the section immediately to the left of the artery.) 7. Portions of the capillary plexuses in other alveoli (not shown in the figure), and especially demonstrable when they may happen to contain blood-corpuscles. 106 PBACnOAL HIOBOBOOPY. THE LIYER This great gland is covered with a fibrous membrane — ^the capsule of OUsson, The capsule is covered with a single layer of irregularly shaped^ flat epithelial cells. Prolongations from the fibrous, visceral portion of Glisson's capsule penetrate the organ from every side, and divide the entire structure into compartments, the lobules. The hepatic lobules are irregularly polygonal in transverse section, and somewhat ovoid vertically. They are about one-twelfth inch in diameter. Let us first examine the general plan of the vascular arrangement, and later, the minute structure of the lobular parenchyma. The hepatic blood-supply comes from two sources: 1st, The venous -drainage from the chylopoietic viscera collected in the portal vein. 2d, Arterialj supply, provided directly from the aorta by the hepatic artery. The portal venous blood is filtered through the liver instead of passing directly to the ordinary destination of such blood (the cava), in order to contribute certain factors to the processes of diges- tion and metabolism, while the smaller arterial supply is distinctly nutritive. The hepatic duct is the common excretory conduit of the bile after its formation by the parenchyma from, mainly, the portal blood. The scheme of the organ will be understood by reference to Fig. 77, which is purely diagrammatic. The portal vein enters the liver at the transverse fissure. It divides, subdivides, and, reaching every part of the various lobes, the terminal twigs are seen in the connective tissue of the walls of the lobules. Branches from these portal termini or interlobular veins penetrate the lobular areas, and immediately break up into capillaries, which iorm an intricate plexus throughout the lobule. The blood from these capillaries is finally collected in a central or intralobular vein, by means of which it is immediately drained from the lobule. The central veins, from a number (varying) of the lobules, unite outside of the latter, forming the beginning of the hepatic or so-called suhlohular veina; and, like vessels from other lobular areas, unite, forming several (six or seven) large hepatic vein» which, passing in the -connective-tissue framework, finally drain the blood from the organ and pour it into the ascending cava as it lies posteriorly in its fissure. THE LITER. The hepatic artery also penetrates the tranaverao fiaanre. It accom- paiiiea the portal vein in its ramification b, giving off nutrient twigs io the connective-lisauB frameworh and to the walls of the vessels. e |i||S| a J i|*i! I I Ml fl t mil ^ I ifilll $ ' lillll |l ii illliSflfl I s.aii|s.| ;g I iifsti sj Sf||||||||| ? |l|l|ril|P |||l|l|l|!a = §^5 3 £ S The terminal branches, very miunto, pour any remaining blood into the venouB plesua at the margin of the lobules, thus providing arterial blood for the lobular parenchyma. 108 PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY. The hepatic duct is also seen emerging from the transverse fissure- (For sake of clearness, we will trace it from without inward.) It fol- lows the courses of the portal vein with the hepatic artery. Wherever in a section of the organ the portal is divided, the artery and duct will also appear. Bound together with connective tissue, the trio reach the walls of the lobules. The ducts now penetrate the lobules and break up into an exceedingly minule plexus — the bile capillaries. This plexus properly iegms in the lobules and drains the bile as formed, passing it into the ducts in the opposite direction of the por- tal blood current, THE POETAL CANALS. If it were possible to grasp the vessels as they are found emerging^ at the transverse fissure, the portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic duct, and to forcibly tear them, with their supporting connective tis- sue, out of the liver, a series of channels or canals would thereby be formed. A portal canal, then, is the space in the liver occupied hy the portal vein, the hepatic artery, the hepatic duct, and the contiguous connective tissue. Frequently more than one specimen of each vessel is to be seen in the canals. There may be two or three veins, and as many arteries and ducts, associated in a single portal canal. Lym- phatic chinks are also abundant in this connective tissue. From what has been said, it will be understood that a vessel found by itself in this organ must be either a central or an hepatic vein; and these are easily distinguished, as the former are within, while the lat- ter are without the lobules and in the connective-tissue framework.- j On the other hand, a group of vessels will indicate a portal canal^ with its large and thin-walled vein, the small thick-walled artery, and,, intermediate in size, the duct. THE LOBULAE PAEENCHYMA. The lobules consist of two capillary plexuses, one containing blood and the other bile. In the meshes of this network, the hepatic cell& are located. The blood capillaries, although extremely tortuous, have a general direction of convergence toward the central veins. This is best seen, when the lobules have been divided in a vertical direction. The bile capillaries are among the smallest canals found in vascular tissues, having a diameter of one-twelve thousandth of an inch. They pursue a direction in the human liver, as a rule, at right angles to the course of the blood capillaries, and are not demonstrable, except THE LOBITLAB PABESCBTUA, 109 frith considerable ampliflcation, aay x 400, and then onlj in the -thinnest portion of the sections. They are, properly speaking, merely minnte channels in the parenchyma, and have, it is believed, no wall. The hepatic cells are polyhedral, about twice the size of a white blood-corpOBcle, say one-one thousandth of an inch, usually with a single nncleus and with granular protoplasm, frequently con- taining minute fat droplets and granules of yellow pigment. The existence of a definite limiting membrane has been questioned, as far as the cell of human liyer is concerned, although such structure can l)e shown in many of the lower animals. The physiological plan of the intralobular stmcture is expressed in the diagram. Fig. 78. The blood is brought into relation with the lobular parenchyma — the hepatic cells — by the capillary plexus, and FlO. 78.— Dl*QfLiM ILLCHTEliTIMQ THE iNTtti-LoBFLlH HlSTOLOOI OF THE LiVBR. The hepotlc cells are coDQfict«sl In columns betweea tbe blood capiUariea. The cells are en- d3wed with the power ot selecllag, espeolallj, such materials from the blcxid as are necessarj Cw the manuf Bctiire olbile. Having accompllahed this, tbe Becreled fluid iSEtrea up to the bile MfMlartes, and by them poured into the ducta, and led out of the liver for subsequent use. The directlOD of the pressure la hidlcated by the arrows. This is the histolog; of gland atnictures KBnerallr. the elements necessary to constitute the bile are selected and carried on, to be drained away by the bile capillaries and ducts. PRACTICAL DEMONSTKATION. It is best to begin with the liver from a pig. Tiie amount of con- nective tissue in the normal human liver is very small, and is mainly i to the support of the interlobular vessels; the boundaries of , poorly (' mtlined a the lobules are, therefore, poorly defined, and without the previous e well-otitlined specimen, I find tbe student fre- observation of s 110 PKACnCAL MICROSCOPY. quently gets but an imperfect notion of the plan of the human organ. Pieces of liver, say one-half inch square by a quarter of an inch thick, are hardened by twenty- four hours' immersion in strong alco- hol. Larger pieces may be prepared with MuUer's fluid. Sections should be cut with a microtome, care being taken to include the trans- verse division of some of the medium-sized portal canals. The portal vein, with its accompanying vessels, may be easily distinguished from the solitary and less frequent branches of the hepatic veins. The ele- ments of these canals, and especially the larger ones, are best kept intact by infiltration of the tissue with celloidin; but very fine sec- tions may, with care, be made from the alcohol-hardened tissue. Even free-hand cuts, after some degree of skill has been obtained by practice, will answer very satisfactorily. Stain with hsema. and eosin. SECTION OF LIVER OF PIG. CUT VERTICALLY TO AND INCLUDING THE CAPSULE OF GLISSON. (Fig. 79.) Observe: (L.) 1. The capsule of Glisson C. (Note the prolongations sent into the organ, which divide the entire structure into irregularly polyg- onal, if divided transversely; and elongated, vertically sectioned areas — the hepatic lobules.) 2. The central (intra) veins C V. (Note that the figure formed by the division of the vein varies according to the direction of the cut, a circle, oval, or elongated slit, as the lobules have been sectioned transversely, obliquely, or vertically. ) 3. The hepatic veins H V. (Those shown in the section are un- doubtedly sublobular. It must be remembered that sub applied to these vessels is misleading, as the lobliles are situated on every side, as well as above the sublobular veins.) 4 The portal canals P C. (Even the smaller ones, I, are readily differentiated from areas containing hepatic veins, inasmuch as a group of vessels can be distinguished — the hepatic jeins running solus^ 5. The portal veins V. (Observe that they usually present as the largest element of the canals. Note their thin walls, the same fus- ing insensibly with the surrounding connective tissue. They not in- frequently contain blood-clots, with deeply stained scattering white corpuscles, appearing with this amplification as dots or granules.) 6. Hepatic arteries A. (The larger examples may be determined by their thick muscular media and the wavy pink line — the fenestrated membrane. Several may be seen in a single canal.) LIVER OF PIG. Ill 7. Hepatic ducts B. (These are lined with cylindrical cells, hexagonal in transverse section, and the bold deeply-stained nuclei give the ducts marked prominence even with the low power. Indeed, the smaller portal canals are frequently differentiated by this element alone— this being especially true when the structures have been dis- turbed, and perhaps torn, in the process of mounting.) 8. The lobular parenchyma. (The arrangement of the hepatic cells, forming branching columns, is merely indicated — with the low D. Hepatic duet. C. CoDDeutlve tlsnie Irom OliBson's capsule. H, V. Hepatie veina— probably Bub-lobular. power — by their deeply stained nuclei presenting granular areas with- in the lobular boundaries. Still, by careful attention, the elements 112 PBAOTIOAL MIOBOSCOPY. will be seen to radiate more or less distinctly from focal points — the <5entral or intra-lobular veins.) . Hepatic duct in T. B. D. L. Hepatic duct in L, 8. L. Lymph space. The lobular parenchj-ma of contiguous lobulea will be ae of the vein. Observe that the whito corpuscles are scanty, and deeply stained, and that many of the colored corpuscles are granular, and «how loss of pigment from action of the alcohol.) 116 PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY. 2. The hepatic artery A. (In the human liyer^ the portal canals frequently carry a number of arteries and ducts, instead of one of each, as shown in the one selected for the illustration. The arteries can nearly always be differentiated by the clear wavy line of the fenes- trated membrane. Should the section have been in a longitudinal direction with reference to the vessel, look for the elongate nuclei of the smooth muscle-cells of the media, some running with the artery — the longitudinal — and others at right angles to its course — the cir- cular fibres.) 3. The hepatic duct D. (Observe the thickness of the wall, depending, of course, upon the diameter of the duct itself — and the presence of connective tissue supporting scattering non-striped muscle-cells. Note the beautiful, clear, columnar cell-lining'. That these cells are polygonal in transverse section is demon- strable at D L, where the duct has been cut in a longitudinal way, and the cells are seen from above. 4. The connective-tissue element of the canal, reaching out in various directions between the adjacent lobules. 5. Lymph spaces or chinks L. (Note the stained nuclei of the endothelia.) 6. Nerve trunks. (In the larger canals bundles of medullated nerves may be frequently seen. They are not shown in, the accom- panying illustration.) THE LOBULAR PAEENCHYMA. (Fig. 82.) STAINED CELLS FROM HUMAN AND PIG'S LIVER. Observe: (H.) 1. Isolated hepatic cells A, A. Note the large, variably sized nuclei, their nucleoli, and the granular protoplasm of the cell -body. 2. Groups of cells forming portions of the hepatic cell-columns as at C. 3. Cells containing fat globules D. (This is not necessarily a pathological process, although exactly resembling one, but the physi- ological storing of hydrocarbons. ) 4. Doubly nucleated cells, B. THE LOBULAR PAKKHCHTMA OONTINCBD. Fia. 8^,— IsoLiTED Hepatic Cei.lb. Stained wlUi B A. A. CellB from human Uver. B. O^ls from same showliiK, below, a blood -capillar}- la T. B. C. A blood capillary wltb part of a column of celk. D Human liwr calls In a condition of fatty iuaitration. E. Isolated cella from liver of pig, Bhoving intracellular network, 1:he lobular parenchyma continued, section oe human liver. Fig, 83, (HaTiiig found with (L.) a typical lobule in transTerBe Section,) Observe : . Stained with Hiema. and Eosin. x 850. A. Narrowing at the duct [rom a email lobule, before entering a larger di B. Dilatation of a duct after leaclag a small lobule. C. Praataj lobules, in b^ftrly L. S. D. AdniiuT.S. ebowlDg the minute lunnen. E. Connective lisaue supporting the gland. F. Striated muscular Sbre adjacent to the gland. O. Adipose UsEue in the loose areolar tissue. THE PABOTID GLAND. THE PAROTID GLAND. The Parotid, SubmaxilJary, Sublingual, and Buccal Salivarif Glands are typical glandular structures, with iodividual peculiarities only m respect to the cell elements, these varj according to the nature' of the aeoretiOD formed in each The parotid is a compound acinous gland, leading from which is a. principal duct — lined with tall columnar cells — which collects the fluid saliva from the different divisions of the organ As the duct penetrates the gland it branches freely, the lumins becoming smaller and the cells shorter as the deeper parts are approached Each terminal duct is in connection with several acini Ihe con- nective-tissue adventitia of the duct becomes the thin wall of the A- Narrow duct from terminal lo B. Small duct in T. S. C. Bmflll duct In oblique BeotloD. n. Tr&nsTeraeij divided acini, flhowioi; la E. Mucus remaining in the lumina. F. Striated muscular flbres Q. Adipose tlasue. 168 PKACnCAL MICEOSOOPT. acinus, and the lining cells broaden, frequently become polyhedral, and are bluntly pointed. The cells so nearly fill the acini as to leave & small and not easily recognized lumen. The gland is richly supplied with blood-vessels. THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND. The submaxillary is presented as an example of a typical mucous ^land. As I have previously said, the general arrangement is not unlike that of the other salivary glands. Similar structures are found in the submucosa of the month, tongue, fauces, trachea, and the larger bronchi. Its peculiarity appears in the parenchyma, and will be noticed later. enieriog a lobule. THE PANCBEAS. 159 THE PANCREAS. The histology of the pancreas is, in general, that of a true serous gland — e, g., the parotid. It has been called by physiologists the abdominal salivary gland. The cells, constituting the parenchyma, are somewhat smaller; the lobules less regular in size and form; and the lumen of the acini much less easy of demonstration, in an ordinary hardened section, than the same in the parotid. The vascular supply is also more abundant. The branches of the pancreatic duct are provided with a very thick adventitia, are lined with short columnar cells, and seldom present the dilatation, which generally occurs in a serous gland, on entering the lobule. PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION. PAEOTID AND SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS, AND THE PANCEBAS. The tissue must be fresh, divided in small pieces — not larger than a quarter of an inch cube — and hardened by placing in ninety-five per cent alcohol for twelve hours, after which fresh spirit should be sub- stituted. If, after the lapse of another twelve hours, the tissue should not be sufficiently firm, it should be placed in a small quantity of ab- ^lute alcohol for three hours. Sections should be made immediately after hardening — ^as more prolonged action of the strong spirit will cause the tissue to contract. Sections may be cut with or without a simple microtome— the desideratum being thin, rather than large cuts. Stain lightly with haema., and deeply with eosin. After sections of hardened tissue have been examined, the glandular parenchyma may be profitably studied in teasings from tissue which has been in Miiller twenty-four hours. Wash the teasings on the slide with a liberal supply of water, removing the same from time to time with blotting paper. Add a drop of hasma. solution; and, after washing this away, add a drop of glycerin, and cover. This method is very generally useful for teased or scraped fragments of glandular structures. (Pigs. 106, 107, and 108.) Obsebvb: (L.) 1. The connective tissue. (Most abundant in the parotid, and least so in pancreas.) 2. The ducts. (Note the flattening of the lining columnar cells, as the ducts approach the acini, until mere scales result. 160 PBAOnCAL MIOBOSOOPY. Also the thick connectiye-tissae adyentitia^ especially demonstrable in the pancreas.) 3. The lobules. (These are formed by seyeral acini, and are typical only in the parotid — at least they only here appear well formed. It must be remembered that only one plane is yisible, and that ther& is little perspective.) 4. The acini. (Note the lumina — large in the submaxillary^ less so in the parotid, and least, and often difficult to make out, in the pancreas. 5. The blood-vessels, muscular and adipose tissue. (The two latter are demonstrable only in the salivary glands, and do not belong properly to the gland itself. The capsule of the pancreas, in common with such structures in general, contains adipose. The abundant inter-acinous capillary plexuses of the pancreas require the high power for satisfactory demonstration.) (H.) 6. The parenchyma, (a) The small but distinct shortened columnar cells of the acini of the parotid. (Observe that they are frequently so formed that the convexity of one cell fits into the con- cavity of its neighbor. Where seen in transverse section, the outline is a polygon. Note especially the change in the parenchymatous elements as the terminal duct merges into an acinus.) (b) The large, swollen cells of the mucous gland — submaxil- lary. (Observe the comparatively clearness of the cells. They contain a very delicate reticulum, and their nuclei are often obscured and frequently seen to be placed;[at the junction of the cells.) (c) The rounded, often polyhedral cells of thejpancreas. (They resemble the parotid elements, although smaller and less granular.) THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 161 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. The Lymphatic System is a circulatory apparatus of exceedingly complicated arrangement. It comprises: 1. — A system of irreffular clefts and cavities which are of almost universal distribution in the more solid tissues, in the framework and parenchyma of organs, around blood-vessels and viscera, 2. — Nodules of sponge-like tissue, improperly called lymphatic gla7ids. 3. — Channels of communication, consisting of capillaries and ducts, 4. — A central reservoir — the receptaculum chyli. 5. — Large efferent ducts, by means of which the contents of the system are, eventually, poured into the blood, in both sides of the neck at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian vein. 6. — A fluid, lymph, containing numerous nucleated bodies or lymphoid cells, and various substances in solution. The whole provides a channel for the introduction of formed and nutrient elements into the blood; as well as affording drainage for the tissues, the products of which are also emptied into the blood- vascular system, to be afterward eliminated by special organs. The circulating lymph always passes in a direction toward the ven- ous system. This current is established in some of the lower animals by means of distinct, pulsating, hollow organs, or lymph hearts; but no corresponding structure exists in man, and the system becomes here subordinated to the blood- vascular apparatus. In man, the maintenance of the lymph-flow is due largely to a negative pressure, consequent upon the connection between the termini of the lymph- vessels and the veins. Without doubt the pumping motion of the intestinal villi presents a factor in the establishment of a current in the lacteals toward the mesenteric vessels. The perivas- cular lymph receives an impetus with each cardiac systole. The muscular contractions of inspiration contribute motility to the con- tents of the diaphragmatic lymph-channels, in a direction against gravity. Indeed, the contractions of nearly every muscular fibre, whether skeletal or organic, lend their aid to lymph propulsion. The direction of the lymph-current is determined by valves which resemble, somewhat, those of the veins. Cavities lined with so-called serous membranes, may be considered as expanded Ivmph-channels. 11" PBAOnCAL MICBOSCOPT. LTMPH OHAHITELS. The larger and more regularly formed cbannelB for lymph circu- lation, snch as the meaonterie and thoracic ducts, do not differ, materially, in structure, from correspondingly sized veinu. The irregular clefts in the iotergtices of fibrous tissues, serving as the primitive lymph-containing channels, have been already, and repeatedly, noticed. Fig. 109, although purely diagrammatic, will serve to show the relatiou of this system to the blood-vessels. A perivascular lymphatic channel is a sort of tubular inTestment of the Fia. m.—DuoBui. Aktsbe oi Tkahetebsk Sectioh, sbowibo m PEBiTA«mT.ia Limph-Bpici. blood-vessel, lined with flattened endothelia sending prolongations inward; these prolongations branch, and are finally in communication with a layer of cells covering the adventitia. In this manner, in close apposition to parts of the vascular system, a system of channels is provided, within which the lymph may slowly percolate. The largest lymphatic channels in the human body are the cavities of the peritoneum and pleuree. They are in connection one with the other, and with the lymphatic system generally; and these channelB of communication between the great abdominal and thoracic lym* phatic cavities present, perhaps, as the most convenient and typical for demonstration. LYMl'H CHANNELS. 163 PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION". LYMPHATIC VESSELS OF THE OBUTRAL TENDON" OF THE DIAPHRAGM. (Figs. 110 and 111.) This demonstration had best be made with tissue from the rabbit, inasmuch as the slightest decomposition of the epithelium would be fatal to success. A small (preferably white) rabbit should be quickly killed by de- capitation, and immediately suspended by the hind legs, so as to thoroughly drain the body of blood. As soon as the blood has ceased dripping, open the thoracic cavity by slitting up the skin along the median line, pushing it to the sides and removing the sternum. In this operation, work rapidly and avoid soiling the internal parts. Then with the fingers of one hand raise the lungs and heart from the diaphragm, and with a large camel's-hair brush proceed to quickly, and quite forcibly, pencil the white glistening surface of the central diaphragmatic tendon, moistening the brush from time to time in the lymph of the pleural cavity. Should the quantity of fluid be small, add a little distilled or previously boiled and filtered water. The object of the brushing is to remove the epithelial cells which cover the surface, and which would otherwise hide the lymph spaces. After the pencilling, drain away the fluid, and pour over the brushed sur- face a solution of one grain of nitrate of silver to an ounce of distilled water.* Allow the silver solution to remain for twenty minutes in contact with the tissue, the body meanwhile being kept away from the bright sunlight; then pour off the solution, wash the surface twice with distil Jed water, and afterwards allow water from the tap to flow over the parts for at least five minutes. If you observe the directions carefully, the surface of the tendon will lose its original glistening appearance and become whitish and opaque. The tendon, or such portion of it as you wish to preserve, may be cut out with the scissors after the washing, thrown into glycerin, and placed in the sunlight until the surface becomes brown. With the forceps tear off small pieces of the stained side, say one-half inch square, and examine in glycerin, or mount them permanently in the Bame medium. The demonstration of the channels of the lymphatic system is based upon the following: 1. Lymph channels are always, however small or irregular, lined "toith flattened cells in a single layer, i, e., pavement endothelium. 2. The lining cells are cemented together with an albuminous sub^ -stance. * Water which has been well boiled in a clean vessel, and afterward care- fully filtered, may be generally employed in histological work when distilled water is not available. 164 PEACnCAL MICROSCOPY. 3. Nitrate of silver combines with the cement, forming albuminate of silvery which becomes dark brown when exposed to light. If you have been successful, the silver will have penetrated the ten- don, and mapped out the lymph channels, indicating an outline of every lining cell by means of a dark border. Failure will result only from non-attention to cleanliness in the handling of the tissue; the silver in which case becomes deposited generally over the surface. The margins or outlines of the cells, it must be remembered, are stained with the silver. The nuclei may be demonstrated by after- staining with dilute hasma., or better, borax-carmine. The mounting- may be done in dammar, altljough the elastic fibres, of which the matrix of the tendon is composed, will become stiff during immer- sion, and show a tendency to curl and contract. If glycerin be used after carmine staining, tissues should be washed thoroughly in water, subsequently to the oxalic acid bath, transferred to equal parts of glycerin and water, and allowed to remain for an hour, at least, before mounting. CENTRAL TENDON OF THE DIAPHRAGM. SILVER STAINING. (Vide Figs. 110, 111.) Observe: 1. The division of the specimen into dark and light areas* (The dark areas represent the more solid portions of the tissue or the partitions between the channels, and the light spaces are the lymph, paths.) 2. The lymph paths — the light spaces. (These show, with this amplification, as irregular, winding, and anastomosing courses^ marked with very delicate lace-like tracery — the silver lines.) 3. Valves of the lymph paths. (At points, the paths will be crossed by dark curved lines. These are imperfect valves, not unlike a single cusp of an aortic valve.) (H.) 4. Outlines of the cells lining the larger excavations (lymph paths) in the tissue. (Note that the cells are generally elongate in the direction of the lymph path. The edges are frequently serrated.) 5. Stomata, minute openings at the junction of several cells. 6. The construction of the valves. (These are curved against the lymph flow, and covered with cells like other parts of the channel,. CENTRAL TEHDON OF THE DIAPiTKAGM. 165 Note the change in form of the cells approaching and covering the valyea.) 7- Elastic fibres of the more solid parts of the tendon. 8. Lymph capillaries. These will be seen in the partitions be- tween the larger path)^. In places they may be observed emptying into the paths, and again will appear as simple cavities, according to the manner sectioned.) 9. The deeper capillaries. (Careful focussing the portions of Fib. 110.— LiKPH-CHASNKLa. Centhal Tbndon op DcAPHBiOM F KiBa T Silver Stuhibq. The minute lines ia the Ijmph-spoces arc tht Bilv paremeDt uella llulng tba ubaaaels. The valves appear aa curved UnSBio tbe lymph-Bpacei the tendon which appear most solid will reveal minute cell-lined channels or capillaries. The student must remember that we cannot penetrate tissues with the microscope to any considerable depth, hut are restricted to nearly a single plane. If it were posssble to penetrate LYMPHATIC MODES OB QLAKD8. 167 LYMPHATIC NODES OE GLAISTDS. At numeroas points along the course of lymphatic vessels they pen- etrate small nodules of so-called adenoid tissue, which have heen termed lymphatic glands. They are frequently microscopic; others, again, not unusuidly attain the size of a large pea. They secrete nothing, hence are not glands. They are somewhat sponge-like in stnicture, and the lymph filters slowly through them. Most frequently several ducts enter one of these larger nodes, while perhaps only a single efferent will be found. The histology of a lymph node is not always easily comprehended by the student, and I have endeavored to make a diagram (Fig. 112) that would simplify the matter somewhat. They are enveloped by a capsule of connective and involuntary muscular tissue, which sends traleculcB into the body of the organ, and these branching posts sup- port the structure as a framework. The interstices are quite small in the more central portion and larger toward the periphery; this has resulted in the application of the terms medullary and cortical to the respective parts. The nutrient blood-vessels are contained in the framework. The compartments contain the structure peculiar to the lymphatic system, viz., adenoid tissue. Adenoid tissue consists of a mass of flattened cells, with numerous delicate fibrillar prolongations, which branch and anastomose so as to form an interwoven structure— ^^« adenoid reticulum. Klein regards the cells as forming no essential part of the structure, but considers them as flattened plates attached to the fibrils. The meshes of the adenoid reticulum are in connection with the fibres of the trabeculse and, with exception of the portion next the latter, are filled— crowded, in fact — with countless small spherical lymphoid cells. Those por- tions of the tissue which contain the cells are termed /oKicwter cords. The lymph path is the portion between the fibrous trabeculaa and the follicular cords. When we learn that the trabeculee, follicular cords, and lymph paths each pursue very tortuous and branching routes, we can appre- ciate the complexity of the organ as a whole. The blood-vessel arrangement presents no anomalies. The small arterial trunks enter within the trabeculse, finally break into capilla- ries which supply the follicular cords, etc., and the blood is then col- lected by the venules for the efferent veins. 168 I'EACTICAL MICBOSCOpy, Small diffuse coUeclions of adenoid tisane have already been » many organs. These do not diSer essentially from the. tissue just described, excepting that there is no definite arrangement of trabeculoe and lymph paths, as in the compound lymph node; the lymph simply filters through the reticulum, the same being a part of the lymph- channel system of the tissue in which the adenoid structure may occur. FiQ. Hi.— Di^iaaiH. PiaiFQiiui. A, A. AffBrent lymph- B. Capsule of tbe node D. Trabecula of E. E, E. Ljmph patb in F. F. Follicular cords. Q, 0, G. LTinphDld cells (ctlve SECTION OF MESENTERIC LYMPHATIC NODE. 169 PEACTIOAL DEMONSTEATION. The mesenteric lymphatic nodes present the most typical structure, and may be obtained from the human subject, if fresh, although those from the dog are preferable, on account of the better condition of the tissue as usually secured. The nodes should be sliced in half, placed in Miiller for a week, and then hardened by two days' immersion in strong alcohol. Sections should be mounted, of two kinds, viz. : Those including the whole area of the node — which need not be very thin — for demon- stration of the scheme or plan of structure, and excedingly thin ones, even though they may include only a small part of the organ, for study of the details of the adenoid reticulum. The latter purpose will be subserved by shaking a number of thin cuts in a test-tube with alcohol for a few minutes, and with considerable violence, even to the sacrificing of most of the sections. The agitation will dislodge the lymph cells, which otherwise would obscure the histology of the follicular cords. Stain deeply with haema. and eosin, and mount the thicker sections in dammar, and those especially thin in glycerin. SECTION OF MESENTERIC LYMPHATIC NODE. (Figs. 113 and 114. ) Observe : n«l trabocula. F, F. large blood-veBsela of rrabeeuli H, Folliculftr cord in T. 8, I. Small sod irregultu' ixirda of the cenCre of the node. J. Obliquely aeotloneil trabecula of the centre of the node. K, K, K. LjTuph-patlia. 5. The histology of the capsule, {a) The closely united con- nective tissue with the scattering elastic fibres of the external layer. (5; The smooth muscle of the deeper portions, (c) Sec- tions of arteries. (These may present of considerable size.) {d) The lymph spaces. (The differentiation is by the flattened endc thelia of spaces which otherwise would be supposed mere rifts in the tissue, inasmuch as no definite or special wall can be detected.) 6. The structural elements of the trabeculje. (They are simi- lar to those of the capsule, excepting the clastic element, which can- BBOTION OF MESENTEEIO LYMPHATIC SODS. 171 not here be demonstrated. Note the variously sectioned email arteries.) 7. The follicular cords. (In the thicker section, the field will be completely crowded with lymphoid cells. Select a thin field and observe: (a) The lymphoid cells. (These will be found varying in size from a very small red blood-disc to that of a large white corpuscle; some are filled with granules only, and others with one, two, and eTenthreenuclei.) (5) The branching endothelioid cells, (c) The delicate fibrillee of the adenoid reticulum. (Tou may endeavor to Fid. Hi.— Tbaombht or Bbotiok A. Trabecnli B. Follicular cord. C. Lymph-path. D. L»rB« hiMioMng cells ot the path-network. B. Capllluiea ot the cord. determine whether this reticulum exists as an offshoot of the endothe- lioid cells, or whether the latter are simply adherent to the broadened plates of the former.) 8. The reticulum of the lymph paths. (Observe that this is pre- cisely like the reticulum of the follicular cords, as demonstrable after 172 PBAOTIOAL MICROSCOPY. shaking out most of the lymph corpuscles of the last.) (a) The connection between the fibrillar of the paths and those of the trabecular. 9. Capillaries of the paths and cords. (These will be recog- nizable only by the regular succession of the contained red blood- corpuscles.) THE SPLEEN. THE SPLEEN. The spleen presents no regular subdivision of parts which may be stndied separately and combined afterward, as we are able to do with organs like the lung, liver, etc. The spleen is a ductless organ or BO-called gland, and the plan or scheme maj, perhaps, be best comprehended by following the blood distribution. The splenic artery enters the organ, supported by a considerable amount of coifnective tissue, and rapidly breaks into smaller branches, from which the arterioles leave at right angles. The arterioles quickly merge into capillaries, which form plexuses throughout tho Flo. 115,— DUQRIH. Showino different portions of the organ. Here we meet with an anomalous structure. The capillaries, instead of uniting to form venules as in the usual TSBcnlar plan, empty their contents into small chambers or sponge-like cavities — the venous spaces. The blood, after filtering through these venous interstices, is collected in larger, irregular, vein-like channels, which finally conduct the blood into the veins proper and out of the ^leen. The tissue, oootaining the vascular arrangement described in the last paragraph, is called spleen pulp. 174 PBACnCAL MICROSCOPY. The fibrous capsule which enyelopes the spleen sends trabeculaB within, which form a framework; and from this fibrils are sent ofiE which branch, broaden, and inosculate to form the venous chambers of the pulp. The arteries are frequently surrounded by nodules of adenoid tissue, sometimes globular, more frequently considerably elongated, and fol- lowing the vessel for a considerable distance. These nodules are called Malpighian bodies. They bear no resemblance to similarly named structures in the kidney, excepting, perhaps, when seen in transverse section by the naked eye. The spleen will thus be seen to consist of a fibrous trabeculated framework, the pulp, blood-vessels, and more or less isplated nodules of adenoid tissue. PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION. The organ must be absolutely free from decomposition. If human tissue cannot be obtained in good condition, recourse may be had to the ox, which will provide an excellent substitute. The small super- numerary spleens, not infrequently found during post-mortem work, are most desirable, as sections can be easily made through the entire organ. Pieces of tissue half an inch cube, including a portion of the cap- sule, should be hardened as directed for lymph nodes. Sections are easily made without the microtome, as the mass is very firm; they should be thin and stained with borax -carmine, and mounted in dam- mar or in glycerin. SECTION OF HUMAN SPLEEN, CUT AT RIGHT ANGLES TO AND INCLUDING THE CAPSULE. (Fig. 116.) Observe: (L.) 1. The fibrous capsule, {a) Its division into two very distinct portions or layers, (b) The clear translucent appearance of the tissue (elastic) of the outer layer, (c) The darker deep layer with elongate nuclei. (The elastic element of the capsule not infrequently becomes, in the human subject, considerably increased; and this de- velopment occurs irregularly, sometimes in the form of minute nodules. I do not know that they present any pathological signifi- cance.) 2. The trabecular. (The depth to which they may be traced will depend largely upon the direction of the section.) {a) That these are not bands, but bundles, more or less circular, in transverse sec- BEOTION OF H0MAN 8FLEEN, 175 tion. (b) Their irregular course, quickly after leaving the sur- face, (c) That occasionally a small artery may be fotmii within them, though they are nsuitUy destitute of large vessels, (d) The elongate nuclei of the muscular fibre largely forming the trabeculie, 3, The large blood-vessels, (a) The arteries more frequent 176 PRACnOAL MI0B08C0PY. a very distinct differentiation. At this point, examine every part of the specimen, and endeavor to detect even the most minute collection of this tissue.) (a) Around arteries, constituting the so-called Mal- pighian bodies, (b) Transverse sections of Malpighian bod* ieSy noting that the vessel is seldom in the centre of the nodule. (c) Nearly longitudinal sections of Malpighian nodules, observ- ing that the adenoid tissue usually follows or surrounds the artery for a short distance only, (d) That the distribution is not confined to the arteries, but is quite common around trabecular and beneath the capsule. 5. The Spleen-pulp. (This will be found in those portions of the^ section not occupied by structures previously demonstrated; and will be' determined by its light color. Review the whole area, and en- deavor to differentiate every portion of the adenoid and pulp tissue. The staining will have been your principal guide thus far, the pulp elements appearing in strong contrast by their pink eosin color.) (H.) 6. The structural elements of the capsule, (a) The nu- merous minute lymph-spaces and the imperfect vascular sup- ply, {b) The nuclei of the peritoneal cell covering. (This pre- supposes that the section has been selected so as to include the peri- toneal investment.) (c) The abundant and closely packed elastic fibrillae. {d) The muscle nuclei of the deeper parts, {e) Cella containing granular yellow pigment. (The quantity varies largely with different specimens. ) 7. The Malpighian nodules, (a) The arterioles — very small and apt to escape attention unless filled with blood corpuscles. (5) The adenoid reticulum. (This will be difficult of satisfactory demonstration, excepting the section be thin.) 8. The elements of the pulp, (a) Large flattened cells, the branches forming the mesh work of venous channels. (These are only susceptible of very satisfactory demonstration in the spleen of UucocythcBmia.) ifi) Red blood-corpuscles. Very numerous and often broken and distorted, {c) Blood pigment, {d) Lymphoid or white blood-corpuscles. SEOnON OF THE THYMUS BODY. 177 THYMUS BODT. The thymus hody (frequently and improperly called a gland) is an adjunct to the lymphatic system of — in man — foetal and infantile life ; disappearing, by an atrophic process, at or before the age of puberty. It is enveloped by a fibrous capsule, partitions from which sub- divide the organ into lobes and lobules. The lobules are generally subdivided into follicles, which are irregularly sized and shaped, while tending to an ovoid form. It is in connection with the general lymphatic system by peri- pheral, afferent lymph-channels ; and by efferent vessels which emerge from the hili of the lobes — the lymph having meanwhile traversed the mesh-like structure of adenoid tissue composing the follicles. The blood-vascular system is in the form of a nutritive supply; the larger vessels occupying the fibrous framework, and sending hranches into the follicles. The capillary plexuses are more abundant in the peripheral portion of the follicles. The blood is collected in the venous channels of the central or medullary area, and emerges from the organ by the veins which accompany the efferent lymphatics. PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION. The organ should be obtained from a still-born infant, divided in ;small pieces, and hardened rapidly in strong alcohol. Sections may include an entire lobe, and be stained with haema. and eosin. iSECTION OP THE THYMUS BODY PROM AN INPANT APTER DEATH ON THE SIXTEENTH DAY. (Pig. 117.) Observe: IUMAN ASATOMY. A Working Guide for Students of Human Anatamy und a EutrospKet for PractitionetS of Medicine and Surgtrj. In oQB 8vo volume, with two honiired and. twenty-two fall-page platea, exqniidtely Bxeculed. Price, iu muKliu, $(5.00; in leather, fT.OO. in iour Tolumei, eu- amelled elotli, round cornHrs, $8.00. " The plates urc decide too diagrummatio, ai in nor too higblji linished, clear, and ndther ! our adrioe in obtiining this in preferenoo to ly Engl iBh works, lanjotheranatomjeitant"— 7Se Texas Votiri- in noma Prraeh I er-RererA of MrdiHTiif. I "In the oDtsot we can eay that no atudeot iroa receive fair. nyBtematic ' of medicine, no Burgeon, no physician can af- the autnnr wisely avoids lis- ' ford to tie without ttiia work. If ws were able lie patiia of what neurologiita ' to have hnt one anatomy in onr library, this aatomy." ' wonl.l be the one wb would ohoose." — Buffalo if rafereniMi for dnv oDatomist, Medifl and H-uraitiil Journal. 'Bician it deeervea'co be jilaced I " This ia an admira bio work, and wiU always attached to medical or Uiologi- £nd a place tipon tliQ ehelveB of every live " — Bi-itiih ifaliral Jo r«nl. practitioner of surgery ar^ _-.i;-^-- ■■ E praotioa :1th. B diaseotiona of the f( vorth t> book. ■ ' Aa a book of reference a prac "In onr judgment this work i &tum to the Burgeon's library hiDU Daniel's Texia Mitiu-til Journal. "Dr. Weisae, taking np Gray'i IU the price of the h ttZi^T . a desider- "Medical studenta will n ■'The platea elucidate every part wbbU that , they appear to speak to os." I "The eiplanation* of the illnsttations are' I Ijriof but to the point, and each senMnoe ei- I prcBBCB no more nr Jesa than knuwledge of (be part instiBea. " — 'ITiit Soiilliri-n Fritrlitiottn: ■■ TaXcu aa a whole. thiB book ia one whioh reflects high credit upon American medicine," —PMladflphia Mkdirul Timet. vie, and deaerte great praise." " We oongrstnUte Dr. Weiaae on the ancaeas of his wcrk, whioh we believe will be a favor- ite with students. "—£aif OR Medical and Shi-- gical Jmirnal. " We shonld eipeot it to become the favor- ite cia-Atlantio dissector's manual." — .iineri- ran Journal i>f the Mediail ScieneeL Quain's ELEMBXTS OF ANATOMY. Eo-editedby Wn-LIAu SHARPY. M,D., LL.n., F.R.3. L, and B., Emaritua Proteasur of Anatomy and Phyaiology in Univereltj- College, London ; Allen Tuomtbon, M.D., LL.D., F.B.S. L. and B., Profesmr of Anatomy in tlie University of Glasgow; «nd Edward Albert Scuafbr, Amislant Profesaor of Physiology in ITniveraity College, London. Ninth edillon. Ultistrated by colored plates and over one thonBaiid engravings on wood. In two imperial Bvo volames, 747 and 947 pages, moslin. Price, f 13.00. "It rarely fulla to oui lot to call the attan- I lave been made, and ao thoroughly revised tionof the profeaaion to a mole complete work that this, the ninth edition — is a9 near a ootn- than ' Qoain's Anatomy.' "— Cincinnoii Tjin- plete work on the Boienee of anatomy aa can bo ctt and Clinic. \ made, Weaordially oommendittoonrreaden Quain'a Anatomy' has been for many , es the firat-claas work upon human anatomy, " ■- - ' ' ork, but BO many additions | —TAcrapeulie GaztUe, Detroif. FOR INDEX SEE LAST TWO PACES. PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. A natomy. ** A Tery complete and convenient little book for the use of students in the dissect- ing-room." — Southe^'n Medical and Surgical Journal. ** A valuable little companion for the stu- Wood's Pocket Manuals. THB ANATOMICAL REMEMBRANCER; or, Complete Pocket Anatomist : con- taining a concise description of the bones, ligaments, muscles, and viscera ; the distribution of the nerves, blood-vessels, and absorbents ; the arrangement of the several fasciae ; and the organs of the senses. Latest edition, one volume, t8mo, 297 pages, muslin. Price, $1.00. dent of anatomy, or for any persons who mav be preparing themselves for an examination. ' — Western Lancet. ** It is anatomy— clear, correct, and practical — in a nutsheU.'* — Nelson's Ame^an Lancet. Banney, Ambrose L., A.M., M.D., Adjunct ProfPReor of Anatx>m7, and late L ctitior on Genito-nrinary and Minor Surgery in the Medical Department of the University of the City of Nt!W York ; iafce Bur^njou to the Northern and North- western Dispensaries ; liesident Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine : Member of the Med- ical Society of the C«»unty of New York : Am hor of *' i he Applie<\ Anatomy of tho Nervous System,** ^' A Practical Treatise on Burgical Diagnosis/^ " Thri EKsentinls of Anatomy,'^ etc. PBACTICAL MEDICAL ANATOMY. A Guide to the Physician in the Study of the Relations of the Viscera to each other in Health aud Disease, and in the Diag- nosis of the Medical and Surgical Conditions of the Anatomical Structures of the Head and Trunk. Illustrated. Sold only by subscriptiou. See page 54. Ellia, George Viner, M.D., Professor of Anatomy in University College, London, and Ford, G. H., Esq. ILLUSTRATIONS OF DISSECTIONS. In a series of original colored plates, repre- senting the dissections of the human body, with descriptive letter-press. The drawings are from nature by Mr. Ford, from directions by Prof. Ellis. Volumes |., and II. Containing fifty-six full-page chromo-lithographic plates. Sold only by subscription. See page 54. ^ ' When, in the seccmd series, we succeeded in presenting onr subscribers with ** Savi^^s Female Pelvic Organs," with its full-page lithographic plates, we supposed we had reached the extreme limit in reproducing expensive books at so low a price, bat these two volames of EUlis and Ford far exceed even that. It is simply wonderful, and cannot fail to compel ac- knowledgment of the value of this series of pnolications. It would have been impossible w accomplish such results, save in a library such as this, in which all the volumes have an eqtMl sale. Bock, C. £., M.D., Professor at Leipzig. ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY. With Explanatory Text. Containing thbty-eight steel plates, most of them hand-colored, of the bones, muscles, vessels, and nerves of the human body ; organs of sense, eye, ear, nose, and tongue ; respir- atory apparatus, abdominal and pelvic viscera, organization of foetus, the teeth, with the genito-urinary organs of the male and female. One volume, large 4to^ muslin. Price, $15.00. Sold only by subscription. See page 61. Holdeii; Luther, M.D., Ex-President and Member of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of SnrgAons of England : Consulting Surgeon to Saint Bartholomew's and the Foondilng Hospitals ; assisted by Shuter, Jame?, P.R.C.S., M. A.^ M B., Cantab., Assistant Surgeon to the Boyal Free Ho^ltal ; late .Deinonatrator of Physiology, and Assistant Dem- onstrator of Anatomy, at Saint Bartholomew's Hospital. HUMAN OSTEOLOGY Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles, The General and Microscopic Structure of Bone and its Development. Sixth Edition. 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The author^s object has been to describe and figure the minute lesions of disease from the material which has fallen under his own observation. In this resprect the book has a |>eculiar value, in representing individual work in a wide ana careiully cultivated field. The results of these labors are presented for what they are worth as demonstrated facts, nothing more and noth- ing less. As very modestly stated by our au- thor, his plan of study simply involved the following of Nature wherever she might lead. Consequently, in viewing the admirable pres- entation of microscopical appearances, we are privileged to sit, as it were, beside the master and almost view the specimens with his eye. And here let us say that probably in no similar work ever before published are there collected 80 many beautiful and valuable representations of pathological lesions than in the one before us. The processes by which these admirable Hilton, John, F.S.8., F.S.C.S. engravings of original drawings on the block, etohii^a on copper, lithographs from originar drawings on tne stone, artotypes of original drawings, photographs of specimens. The fidelity of these illustrations is beyond praise, while their execution in the different methods alluded to make them specimens of high artb The subjects specially treated of in the first volume are phthisis, peritonitis, pleurisy, pneiunonia, empyema, hydrothorax, bron- chitis, tuberculosis. The pathology of each one of these diseases is tersely and compre- henrivelv deHcribiBd in connection with the plates, tnus giving the reader the advantages of clinical as well as pathological study of the different lesion s. ^*We cannot congratulate the author too warmly on the results of his labors thus far, nor can we recommend the work too strongly to the progressive student and the advanced pathologist. The volume is elegantly printed, taatef ally bound, and aside tcom. its other merits is a triumph of typographical art. " — The Medical Record. BEST AND PAIN. A Course of Lectures on the Influence of Mechanical and Physiological Rest in the Treatment of Accidents and Surgical Diseases, and^the Diagnostic Value of Pain. Edited by W. H. A. Jacobson, F.R.C.S. Sold only by subscription. See page 57. PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & CX>MPANT. Pathology^ Diseases of Joints^ etc. Wagner, Ernst, M.D., Profesecr of GenerHl Pathology and Pathological Anafcomy in the University of Leipzig ; Director of the Medical l^olyclinic of Leipzig. V MANUAL OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY. For the Use of Students and Practi- tioners of Medicine. Translated from the Sixth German Edition by John Van DuYN, A.M., M.D., Professor of Anatomj and Histology in the Medical School of Syracuse University, N. Y., and E C. 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'•"The views now held by progressive inves- tigators in this branch of medical science are ^iven in a marvellous mass of well-arranged and carefully digested facts, embracing all d'jpartments of pathology, and furnishing mi- nute and defcailei information on every sub- ject pertaining to the morbid state and disease in all its protean forms. Wagner^s syste- matic arrangement and skill in classification are admirable, particularly elucidating the bearings of facts upon the processes oi dis- ease." — American Journal of the Medical aSW- ences. *^ Messrs. Wm. Wood A Co have placed the profession of this country under renewed obli- gations by the presentation of this inimitable work. 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D., A.M., M.D., Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine ; Member of the American Ac?w1emy of Medicine ; Mem- ber of the American Neurological Association ; Electro-therapeutist to the Woman^s Hospital of vthe State of New York, etc. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL USES OP ELECTRICITY, INCLUDING LOCALIZED AND GENERAL FARADIZA- TION ; LOCALIZED AND CENTRAL GALVANIZATION ; ELECTROLYSIS AND GALVANO-CAUTBRY. Fifth Edition. Revised by A. D. RocKWELi^i M.D. One volume, 8vo, 788 pages, one hundred and eighty-nine wood -engrav- ings. Price, muslin, $5.50; leather, $6.50. ^*The impression it gives at first sight is very favorable; it is beautifully printed, and Ulastrated with woodcuts in a way which can- not fail to be most usefol to stadents. **The matter hi. the volume, again, is ad- mirably arranged ; better than in any book of the kind which I have seen. *^ References are numerous and aocnrate, and we are delighted to have that which we lack so much in almost all other such books, namely, complete indexes, both verbal and bibliographical. They have perfected, if they did not originate, a method of electro-therapy which they call general faradization. ** It is a pleasing feature in the present vol- ume that the tmsuccessf ul cases bear their just proportion to the successful, and that in other instances where success was incomplete there is no attempt to make the results more satis- factory than they really were. " — BHtiah and Foreign Medico- Chirtirgical Review. ^^More important assistance perhaps is giv- en by the illustrations to the chapters, or the modus operandi, where the various tnechods of applymg the apparatus in the treatment of the diflereut affections is explained." — London Journal of Mental Science. **It is unquestionably the best and simplest authority on this subject at present accessible. Those who want in this connection to ^ ahrettt of the times can purchase a wooc which will be most satisfactory and reliable.'* — Richmond Medical Journal. '^Tne oompUcated methods and nomencla- tures that have disheartened the puzzled works of previous authors on this branch of medicine, have been pruned of redundancies and con- founding synonyms." — Am, Practitioner. Amory, Boberti A.M.9 M.D.y Member of the MassachnsettR Medical Society : Fellow of the American Academy of Arts nnd Science^'; Formerly Professor of Physiology of the Medical School of Maine, Bowdoin College ; Preaidoiit of the C!onvention in 1880 for ReviHing the Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America ; Fellow of the American Academy of Medicine. ELECTROLYSIS, ITS THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION AND ITS THERA- PEUTICAL AND SURGICAL APPLICATIONS. Illustrated by nearly one hundred fine wood-engravings. Sold only by subscription. See page 52. 6 PUBLICATIONS OP WILUAM WOOD A COMPANY. JSlectrieUy^ Massage. Bockwell, A. D., A.M., M.D., Electro-therapeutist to the New York Sr^te Woman^s Hospital; Momber of the American Xenrologi- cal Association ; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine ; Member of the New York Connty Medical Society, etc. LECTURES ON ELECTRICITY (DYNAMIC AND FRANKLIinO) IN ITS RE- LATIONS TO MEDICINE AND SURGERY. One Tolnme, 8vo, 122 pages, illustrated, muslin. Price, f 1.25. *^ Contains all that i» practical and U8e£a] on Ipiis subject to the practitioner ; it is concise fend interestinj; to read, and should be in the hands of evory practitioner. " — Wt »tern Lancet. *' Practitioners wishing to obtain a knowl- edge of the methods of applying and indica- tions for using electricity in the treatment of disease, cannot find more useful information in a small compass than is contained in these lectures. We take pleasure in commending it to their notice." — Canada Journal of Medical Sciences, *^ These lectures embrace the more impor- tant practical matterSi as the manipulations of apparatus, and the fields of disease where elec- tricity will promise the most good. " — Obstetric Gazette. "^ At the close of the book there are a series of pithy paragraphs, giving, in plain language, the practical applications of the different cur- rents to various affections, as shown by the personal experience of the writer, and those of other competent specialists." — Medical Rec- ord, Graham, Douglas, M.D., Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON MASSAGE. Its History, Mode of Application, and Effects, Indication and Contra-indication. One handsome volame, 8vo, 300 pages. Price, in cloth, $2.50. ** We commend the work to those who are investigating the merits of friction, kneading, manipulating, rolling, and percussion of the external tissues of the body, with a view to their curative, palliative, or hygienic effects.** ^-"JSufi'ttlo Medical and Surgical Jom^ial. *' Coming from the hands of a medical man of reputation, the work may be accepted lu an authority in explaining this resuscita- ted science, and as a guide to its practice." —BoKton Evening Transt^'ipt. December 31, 1.884. *'A complete history, from the beginning until now, will be fomid in Dr. Graham*s ex- cellent volnm&'* — BaUimore Sun. December 11, 188C. ^^The subject of massage has been one toward which the attention of the profession has been directed more and more of late years. As a therapeutic measure, it has been growing steadily in favor." — MediceU and Surgical He- porter, October 20, 1884. ^^This is a valuable professional book for which, and for the subject to which it is de- voted, we venture to predict distinguished suooess."— TAe Nation^ January 1, 1885. Morgan, Chas. E., A.B., M.D. ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS : BEING A STUDY OP THE ELECTRICAL AND OTHER PHYSICAL PHENOMENA OF THE MUSCU- LAR AND OTHER SYSTEMS DURING HEALTH AND DISEASE, INCLUD- ING THE PHENOMENA OF THE ELECTRICAL FISHES. One volume, 8vo^ 714 pages, illostrated with fine wood-engravings, muslin. Price, $6.50. '* This book is a mine of knowledge to the student in the department of science to which it relates. . . . It is a most thorough and comprehensive treatise on the subject.*' — Western Journal oj' Medicine. *■'' There is nothing in the English language which at all approaches it as r^ards the scien- tific treatment of the whdle subject of diectii- ciiy.^*—DetrQU Review of Medicine and Phar" macy. Erb, Dr. Wilhelm, Professor in the University of Leip^. HANDBOOK OF ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS. Sold only by subscription. See page 53. nioBtrated by 89 wood-engrayinga PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. FeverSj Diseases of the lAver. Seguin, E., M.D. MEDICAL THERMOMETRY AND HUMAN TEMPERATURE. One volume, 8yo, 445 pages, illustrated with diagrams, muslin. Price, $3.50. ^*The subject- matter of this volume is of the highest imjportance, and the profession is under great obligations to its author for the zeal he has manifestsd in bringing it to our no- tice. The book is worthy of careful btady by every medical student and studious practi- tioner. " — Detroit lieview of Medicine and Hur- gery. *' This elaborate, elegantly printed, and il- lustrated work contains a full description of everything pertaining to thermometry — the character of the instraments, their value, uses, etc. Numerous tables are given from various American and foreign authors and writers, I exhibiting the temperature in various diseases- ' Among these are Dr. Joseph Jones* in * Yel- I low Fever,' where the temperature is cited in j two cases which terminated fatally at 110^. The illustrations, temperature charts, etc., are eighty -four in number, and are very hand- somely executed. We cordially commend the work to our r« aders as a highly valuable con- tribution to the study and cultivation of the most important aid t j diagnosis (after auscul- tation and percussion), now specially claim- ing and rewarding the attention of physi- cians." — Charleston Medical Journal and Review, Gregory, George, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of PhysicianR of London ; Physician to the Small- pox and Vaccination Ho». pltal at Highgate ; Corresponding Member of the National Institttte of Wat^hington, etc. LECTURES ON THE ERUPTIVE FEVERS : As now in the Course of Delivery at St. Thomas' Hospital, in London. With Notes and Appendix," embodying the most recent opinions on exauthematic pathology, and also statistical tables and colored plates, by H. D. Bulkley, M.D., Physician of the New York Hospital; Fellow of the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, etc., etc. One volume, 8vo, 379 pages, muslin. Price, $8.00. '*The very best which has yet been pub- lished on Eruptive Fevers; and one which it should be the duty of every physician to provide himself with." — Northern Lancet, "This work abounds with valuable infor- mation in regard to a class of diseases of very frequent occurrence and of fearful mortaUlor. — Stethoscope, Wilson, James C.^ M.D.9 Attending Phymclan to the Philndelphla Hofipltal, and to the Hospital of the Jefferson Medical College* and Lecturer on Physical Diagnosis at the Jefferson Medical College, Fellow of the OoU^e of Phy- sicians, Philadelphia, etc. A TREATISE ON THE CONTINUED FEVERS. With an Introduction by J. M. Da Costa, M.D., Professor of the Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine at the Jefferson Medical College ; Physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital ; Con- sulting Physician to the Children's Hospital ; Follow of the College of PhysieiaoBi Philadelphia, eto. Sold only by subscription. See page 55. Morchison, Charles, M.D., LL.D., F.B.S., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians ; President of the Pathol ogtcftl Society of London ; Physician and Lecturer on the Principles and Praotioe of Madidiie, St. Thomas' Hospital, etc. CLINICAL LECTURES ON DISEASES OF THE LIVER. JAUNDICE AND ABDOMINAL DROPSY. Including the Croonian Lectures on Functional De- rangements of the Liver, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians. Third edition. Extra muslin, $5.50. ' " A book which surpasses in clinical useful- ness every work on diseases of the liver yet published." — Medico- Chirurgical Review. *' It is the most instructive, the most teach- ing^ work on its sabject in oar language.*' — St. Louis Medical arid Surgical Jour n at. *^ A monograph on ' Liver AfTections,' which ma^ be promably read by the student ; imd in which the physician will find a system of diag- nosis bo^ practical in its application and thoroughly scientific in the principles on which it is based. . . . We commend Dr. Mur- chison^s volume in the highest terms of praise to the notice of our readers. It is a book full of facts, clearly and forcibly written ; and ei|H bodying the latest results of tioientific and clinical research. It must henceforth ocoany a high rank among works of reference on toe diagnosis and treatment of affections of the liver." — The Practitioner. 8 PDBUOATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD A COMPANY. Diseases of the Stomdch and Intestines^ Practice. Dujardin-BeanmetZy Physician to the Oochin Honpital : Member of the Academy of Medicine, and of the Conncil of Hygiene and Salubrity of the Seine ; Ediu>r of the Bulletin Q6n6ral de Therapentiqne, etc. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES, CONSIDERED ESPE- CIALLY WITH REFERENCE TO CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS. Lect- ures iu Practical Medicine delivered in the St. Antoine Hospital, Paris, France. Translated by E. P. Hukd, M.D. With illastrations, and one plate iu chromo- lithography. Sold by subscription only. See page 52. Eichhorst, Hermann, M.D., Professor of Special Pathology and Therapeutics and Director of the UniTersity Medical Clinic in Zurich. DISEASES OF DIGESTION. URINARY, AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. H- lustrated by one hundred and six fine wood-engravings. Being Volume II. of the *' Handbook of Practical Medicine.** Sold by subscription only. See page 52. FrerichSy Dr. Fried. Theod. A CLINICAL TREATISE ON DISEASES OF THE LIVER. Translated by Charles Murchison, M.D. In three volumes, 8vo. Illustrated by a full- page plate and numerous wood-engravings. Sold only by subscription. See page 57. Bristowe, John Syer^ KLB.^ And others. DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES AND PERITONEUM. Comprising Articles on— Enteralgia, by John Richard Wardell, M.D. ; Enteritis, Obstruction of the Bowels, Ulceration of the Bowels, Cancerous and other Growths of the Intes- tines, Diseases of the Caecum and Appendix Vermiformis, by John Syer Bris- TOWE, M.D. ; Colic, Colitis, and Dysentery, by J. Wakburton Bbobie, M.D. ; Diseases of the Rectum and Anus, by Thomas Blizzard Curling, F.R.S. \ Intestinal Worms, by W. H. Ransom, M.D. ; Peritonitis, by John Richard Wardell, M.D. ; Tubercle of the Peritoneum, Carcinoma of the Peritoneum, AflFections of the Abdominal Lymphatic Glands, and Ascites, by John Syer Bristowe, M.D. Sold only by subscription. See page 57. Bennett, John Hughes, M.D., F.B.S.E., ProfeBsnr of the InrtitnteR of Me^Hcine, find Senior Professor of Clinicnl Mc<1ic!no In the TJnivereity of Edinburgh ; Director of the Polyclinic at the Royal DiRpensary and PnthoIogiKt to the Royal In- flrraary, Edinburgh ; Honorary Member and £merito8 President of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, etc. CLINICAL LECTURES ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OP MBDJCINB. Fifth American from tlie Fourth London Edition, With five hundred and thirty-seven illustrations on wood. One volume, 8vo, 1022 pages. Price, mus- lin, $5.00; leather, |6.00. '* We recommend this volume with the most which have come over the practice of medi- nnqualified praise to the attentive consider- ation of the practitioner and students. Wo have met with no work of late years on the principles of medicine more likely to advance the true and rightful study of our art. '' — Med- ical Times and Gazette. ** When a book — especially so large a book as this — reaches a fourth edition, it may be considered to be pretty independent of re* views and reviewers. ** It would be scarcely too much to say that Dr. Bennett marks an era in the science and practice of medicine. To him as much as to any other physician, are due the changes cine; and for this, more than for anything else, we value him and the books which record his views and cases. . . . This is a most valuable book, and records work and orijrinal views which will secure for the author a last- ing and enviable reputation as a physiologist and physician." — London Lancet. *^One of the most valuable books which have lately emanated from the medioal press. No one devoted to the profession will rail to peruse these lectures and acquaint himself with the discoveries of so ardent an explorer in the field of medicine, "•^i^to York Jottmal of Medicine* PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD A COMPANY. 9 Mamuda. Code of Medical Ethics ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. Revised to date. One volume, 82mo, 39 pages, muslin. Price, 40o. , Jacob, 11I.D., Phytddan and Leotdrer on OlinkMl Medicino in the MMaachoRetts General Hofipltal : Professor of Mate> ria Medica in Harvard University ; President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and late President of the MatM icbusetls Medical Society. BRIEF EXPOSITION OF RATIONAL MEDICINE. To which is prefixed The Paradise of Doctors. A Fable. One volume, 12mo, 69 pages, muslin. Price, 50c. Hooper's PHYSICIAN'S VADE MECUM : A Manual of the Principles and Practice of Physic ; with an Outline of General Pathology, Therapeutics, and Hygiene. Tenth Edi- tion. Revised by William Augustus Guy, M.B., Cantab., F.R.S., and John Harley, M.D., Lond., F.L.S. Volumes I. and II. Illustrated by wood-en- gravings. Sold only by subscription. See page 52. Curtis, Edward, A.M., M.D., MANUAL OF GENERAL MEDICINAL TECHNOLOGY, INCLUDING PRE- SCRIPTION WRITING. One volume, 32mo, 334 pages, fine muslin. Price, fl.OO. Wood's Pocket Manuals. *^ The metric system is explained in a man- ner at once lucid and attractive, and will no doubt aooompliah mach in the way of render- ing this method less distasteful to those who have given it but little attention. " — The Medi- cal Bulletin, Philadelphia. Pa., January, 1884. *^ This little manual is a tersely composed treatise on the subjects referred to alone, in a convenient and authoritative sort of way that renders it a handy conservator of time and patience. It is what many want and most need. ''^—St. Louis Medical Journal^ January, 1884. ^* A very important feature of the work is its clear exposition of the relations of the Eng- lish apothecaries^ weights and rocAsares to the metrical forms now so often seen in the recent text-books and medical penodicals.^' — TA* Medical HercUd^ Louisville, Ky., February, loox. Boosa, D. B. St. John, M.D., Professor of the Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the University of New York. A VEST-POCKET MEDICAL LEXICON. Being a Dictionary of the Words, Terms, and Symbols of Medical Science. Collated from the best authorities, with the additions of words not before introduced into a Lexicon. With an Appendix. Third revised and enlarged edition. One volume, 64mo. Price, roan, 75c., or tucks, $1.00. _ This is just what its title-page would indicate, a very neat and convenient medical dictionary, so small that the student can carry it in his pocket with perfect ease. This little book has received the warmest commendations from very many of tue best medical teachers in the United States. "The Lexicon mea.snres three and one- fourth inches in length, by two and three- eghths in breadth, and is three-fourths of an inch thick. The whole work is well done." — New York Teacher. ^^This is the smallest of books, albeit an ex- tensive Lexicon. As its title implies, it can nestle snuffly in the vest pocket. To any one who would like to carry about his person a dictionary of medical words it is the very thing."— Pac\/{c Medical and Surgical Jour- naU 10 PIIBLICATIONS OF WILUAM WOOD A COMPANY. Manuals^ Cyclopwdice^ etc. Tidy, Charles Meymott, M.D., P.C.S., MaKter of Surgery, Professor of Ctaeinifitry and of Forensic Medicine and Public Health at the London Hospital, Medical OfHotn- of Health for Islington ; late Deputy Medical Officer of Health and Public Analyst for thr City of London, etc. LEGAL MEDICINE. Volume I. With two colored plates. Contents: Evidence— The Signs of Death— Identity— The Causes of Death— The Post mortem. Sold by subscription only. See page 54. LEGAL MEDICINE. Volume IX. Contents: Expectation of Life— Presumption of Death and Survivorship— Heat and Cold— Bums — Ligaturing -Explosives — Starvation — Sex — Monstrosities — Hermaphrodism. Sold by subscription only. See page 54 LEGAL MEDICINE Volume III. Contents: Legitimacy and Paternity— Preg- nancy, Abortion — Rape, Indecent Exposure — Sodomy. Bestiality — Live Birth, Infanticide— Asphyxia, Drowning — Hanging, Strangulation— Suffocation. Sold by subscription only. See page 52. Wood's Household Practice of Medicine, Hygiene, and Sur- gery. A Practical Treatise for the Use of Families, Travellers. Seamen, Miners, and others. By Various Authors. 8vo. 705 pages, illustrated by colored lithographic plates and five hundred fine wood-engravings. Price, per volume, muslin, f5.00 ; brown leather, $6.00 ; half morocco, $7.50. Ziemssen, H. Von, M.D., Munich. CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. By Various Authors. Com- plete in twenty volumes, royal 8vo. Price per volume, in muslin, $6.00 ; in leather, $6.00 ; in half morocco, $7.50. Sold by subscription only. See page 63. Peabody, George L., M.D., New York. SUPPLEMENT TO ZIEMSSEN'S OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE PRACTICE OF MED- ICINB. By Various Authors. In one royal 8vo volume, 844 pages, bound to correspond. Price, in cloth, $6.00 ; in leather, $7.00 ; in half morocco, $8.00 ; also extra muslin (not corresponding), $6.00 ; and in red leather, $7.00. ^^ The aim of thia work is to take up each subject treated of in Ziemssen's Cyclopaedia, anoto bring it down to date. Many of the articles will, therefore, embrace the progress of five years, but some, relating to the utter volumes of Ziemssen, begin at a more recent period ; the whole, however, forms a complete resume of the progress of medicine mostly for the past five years. Carpenter, Wesley M , M.D., Afudfltant FatbologiRt to Bellevtie Hospital : InRtnictor in the Pstholofi^cal Lsboratory of tbe TTnlyendty of the City of New York ; Secretary of the Medical Society of the Ck>unty of New York ; Secretary of the New York Pathological Society, etc. AN INDEX OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. Sold only by subscription. See page 64. Paul, Dr. Constantine, ProfeHBor Aflrr6g6 in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, etc DIAGNOSIS AND DISEASES OF THE HEART. Hlustrated by numerous fine wood- engravings. Sold only by subscription. See page 52. PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & (COMPANY. 11 Fractice^ Fevers. Loomis, Alfred L., M.D., LL.D.9 Profesflor of Pathology and Practical Medicine la the Medical Bei>artment of the Univeraity of the City of New York ; Visiting Physician to Bellevue Hospital, etc A TEXT- BOOK OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE. One handsome 8vo volume of over 1,100 pages, illustrated by tw^o hundred and eleven engravings. Fricei in cloth, $6.00; leather, $7.00. " The work before ub is a complete compre- hensive treatise on general pathology and practical medicine. The arrangement and classification is that which the author ha« oh- served in teaching, and is based on advanced pathological knowledge." — Louisville Medical Jiews, November 23, 1884. ' *■'' A careful examination of the book creates the impression that it is the work of one who speaks that which he himself laiowii. It is not, as is too often the case in such works, a mere revamping of statements which have been perpetuated through a long series of treatises on the practice of medicine." — Medical Age^ Detroit, October 25, 1884. *^ The work traverses the nsual field of in- ternal pathology considered in text-books upon the practice of medicine ; but it does so with evidences of such unusual discretion and skill as to present the subject in a fresh light, and to constitute a most acceptable addition to medical literature. The illustrations are abundant, original, and, as a rule^ neatly drawn, and well illustrate the text, m which the subjects are discussed in the light of the most recent additions to our knowledge of pathoWy and therapeutics." — The PhilaxleU phia Apical Times, December 27, 188^. *^ It is an elaborate work of 1,102 pages, with a full index, and is issued in the publisher's best style. It must be rated as one of the standard works on the theory and practice of medicine in this country, and should have a preference over those emanating from Bnrope, even if re-edited in this country." — 2%e Ther* apeutic Oazette, November, 1884. LECTURES ON DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, HEART AND KIDNEYS. One volume, 8vo, 591 pages. Price, muslin, $5.00; leather, $6.00. ** It is clear in style, convenient in arrange- ment, very definite and practical in its teach- ings." — Philadelphia Medical Times. ^* We like the systematic method in which these lectures are arranged, and regard them as excellent in every way." — Cincifinati Lan- cet and Obse^'ver. " In the one before us the reader may look confidently for the last words on the subject, and may rest assured that what the author has here committed to the press is the result of much learning, sound judgment, and thor- ough experience." — American Practitioner, *' We have no hesitation in pronouncing it one of much value to the profession, and highly creditable to the author." — New York Medical Journal. " While the views presented are fully up to what is actually known on the subjects treated, the doctrines are judicious and safe. At the same time they are presented with un- usual cleattieaB, and with sufficient positive- nesB to command confidence.** — New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, '* By all means buy Loomis' work and stiidy it." — Ohio Medical and Surgical Hcporter. LECTURES ON FEVERS. One volume, 8vo, 403 pages. Price in muslhi, $4.00. *^ We have before us, therefore, a book con- taining statements of practical laots relating to certain diseases, ana the theories regarding their nature, mode of origin, and propiu^ation. and arranged so as to be easily comprehended by the medical student. We also believe they will be read without weariness by the daily practitioner. ... It contains much prac- tical knowledge, and cannot fail to be read by a very large proportion of the medical profes- sion ; for a concise statement of facti^with only such qualifications as can be safely in- dulged in without endangearing perspicuity — is always acceptable." — The Medical Rec- ord. ^* This last work of Professor Loomis* is a valuable contribution to medical literature. His treatment of the subject is mainly practi- oal, and is in strict conformity with what the author has himself observed at the bedside. l%e genoral mana^m^it of fever is justiy re- gard^ of greater importi^ooe than the admin- ishntion of drags. It is a book that will well repay carefnl study." — WeHern Lancet. '^ The work is olearly and concisely written, and will be useful and aooeptable to ooth Htu- dent and practitioner."— ^«io York Medical Journah ** In this interesting volume, which contains the lectttres on fevers delivered by Professor Loomis to his olacMi daring the last year, w» have a concise and impartial review of the lit- erature concerning fevers which has been pub- lished since 1850, with reference to a few older books, * because they contain many of the so-called new theories and modes of treat- ing fevera* In this are embodied the results of the author's own extensive clinical expe- rience, which has led him to form opinions in certain respects at variance with those of some other observers ; and the weak points of theories and modes of practice which have not stood the test of time are oleaxly set forth.** '^BoMton MeHcai and Surgical JournaL 12 PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. Diseases of Throat and Chest, of the Hectum. Corson, John W., M.D.y Late PhysIcUui to the clam of ^ Dlwaaes of the Cbest and Throat^ in the New York and Eastern Dis- pensariefl ; formerly Physician to the Brooklyu City Hospital ; Physician to the Orange Memorial Hospital, etc. ON THE TREATMENT OF PLEURISY. With an Appendix of Cages, showing the Value of Combinations of Croton Oil, Ether, and iodine, as Counter-irritants in other Diseases. One volume, 16mo, 31 pages, muslin. Price, 50c. IngalSy E. Fletcher, A.11, M.D., Lecturer on Diseases of the Chest and PhyRical Disgnosif. and on Laryncrolofry in the Poet-gradnate Course, RuHh Medical College; Clinical Profenf^or of Di-vaMes in the Throat and Chest, Woman*s Medioal Colli ge ; Physician and Sargeon for DiseaHes of the Throat and Cheat, Central Free Dis' pensary, Chicago. LECTURES ON THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OP DISEASES OF THE CHEST, THROAT, AND NASAL CAVITIES. With one hundred and thirty- five illustrations. One volume, 8vo, 437 pages, muslin. Price, $4.00. **In bringing within one pa'r of book covers | student and practitioner, in the study of its a ooncise epitome of affections of the chest { subject. It is clear and ocmciBe in style, sys- and the entire respiratory tract, Dr. Ingals has ' tematic and thorough in the condderation of recognized the interdependent relations of a group of anatomical regions falling together naturally, both in histology and pathology. His volume aims thereby at an objective com- pleteness which has not hitherto been attained, to our knowledge, in any single work of physi- cal diagnosis, or on any disease of the chest and air-passages.^* — American Journal of the Medical Sciences. *^ For good, practical, and correct teaching, this book has no superior. There is no volume each detail." — Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner. ** Both as to the matter and arrangement of the book, it must be of ereat service to the or- dinar}^ physician as weu as to the specialist." — Virginia Medical Monthly, ^* The work is of the most practical charac- ter ; it avoids theoretical and unsettled ques- tions ; the subjects are presented in a lucid and compact style. We predict for this work a wide field of usefulness because it seems to which would he moie useful in the general iis to be exactly adapted to the use of the phy- practit loner's daily life.'* — American Medical sician in active practice." — Maryland Medical Weekly. **This forms a valuable aid, both to the Journal, Eelsey, Charles D., M.D., Surgeon to St. Panrs Infirmary for Diseases of the Rectum ; Consulting Surgeon for Diseases of the Bectum to the Harlem Hospital and Dispensary for Women and Children, etc., etc. THE PATHOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES OP THE RECTUM AND ANUS. One volume, 8vo, 430 pages, illustrated by two chromo-lithographic plates and many wood-engravings. Price, In cloth, $400. ^* It forms the best recent work on a class of disease which, although claimed by surgery, has more medical relation than most phvsi- cians are aware." — The College and Clinic kec- ord. ^^ The aim of the author has been to make this book a safe guide for the student and gen-, eral practitioner, and to furnish that informa- tion which is so difficult to obtain without speciid advantages, such as are obtained by clinics, eta" — North Carolifia Med. Jour, Eichhorst, H^rmann^ M.D., Professor of Special Pathology and Therapeutics and Director of the TTnivendty Medical Clinic fn Zurich. DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. Illus- trated by one hundred and three fine wood-engravings. Being Volume I. of the *' Handbook of Practical Medicine." In four volumes. Sold by subscription only. See page 5d. Professor Eichhorst is the most popular lecturer on medicine in Germany, his clinics being crowded daily. Though a comparatively yooiip; man, he ia considered by his countrymen their foremost authority on the practice of mediome. This treatise is unauestionably the most complete of any hitherto written, embracing the more rare as well as all the commoner formi of disease. It ii a perfect mine of olinioal and pa t hologioal knowledgei PUBIICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. 18 Diseases of the Rectum and ArmSy Therapeutics. Bodenhamery William, M.D.y FrofesRor of the Diseaaes, Injuries, and MalformationB of the Bectum, Anns, and Gtenito-TJrinary Or- gans. TREATISE ON THE HEMORRHOIDAL DISEASE. Giving its History, Nature, Caase, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. One volume, 8vo, over 800 pages, illustrated by two chromo-lithographic plates and many wood-cuts. Price, mus- lin, $3.00. ** It is a practical discourse on both the surgical and medical treatment of hemorrhoids, and if well studied will enable any medical man of ordinary capacity to manage all such cases.** — l^herapeutic Gazette^ December, 1884. PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ETIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, DIAGNO- SIS, AND TREATMENT OF ANAL FISSURE. Illustrated by numerous cases and drawings. One volume, 8vo, 199 pages, muslin. Price, $2.25. Ill The treatise is throughout carefully pre- pared, and we recommend it as a valuable, practical book, worth the place in any work- ing hbrary.*' — Medical and Surgical Reporter. ^'This is the most complete and extensive treatise on this very painful and troublesome disease. The work is really a history of the disease, comprising an accurate description of its symptoms ana patholo^}% together with the plan of treatment. As is the case with all specialties, when treated in a separate volume, we get the subject in an extended and minute form." — SI. LouiH Medical lieporter. *'*' It will be perused with interest and profit by all." — Detroit Review of Medicine^ etc, ^^ We believe that the subject has received full justice at the hands of the author, and that the work will be the standard on the subject." — Buffalo Medical and Surgical Jour- nal, THE PHYSICAL EXPLORATION OF THE RECTUM. With an Appendix on the Ligation of Hemorrhoidal Tumors. Illustrated by numerous drawings. One volume, 8vo, 54 pages, muslin. Price, $1.25. AN ESSAY ON RECTAL MEDICATION. One volume, 8vo, 58 pages, illustrated, muslin. Price, $1.00. g^" In the employment of an official therapeutic remedy, it is not only important and necessary to know in what case, in what dose, in what form, but also by what channel it should be administered. Binger, Sidney, M.D., Professor of the Princifdes and Praotioe of Medicine in University Ck>U^re ; Physician to VnirexAtf Oollege Hospital. A HANDBOOK OF THERAPEUTICS WITH DIETARY AND INDEX OP DIS- EASES. Eleventh edition. Price, muslin, $5.00 ; leather, $6.00. ^*Upon the appearance of that now indis- pensable work, ' Ringer's Handbook of Thera- peutics.* my attention was particularlv at- tracted to the frequency with wiiicn be recommends small doses of medicines that we have been accustomed to use in much larger doses for entirely different diseases. Some of these remedies were recommended so strongly, that I was induced to p^ive them a trial, more especialiy as my practice among children com- pels me, for many reasons, to administer as little unpleasant-tasting medicines as possible. Their use with chil(&en first having been found satisfactory, my position in connection with the New York Pispensaxy afforded me the opportunity of further testing them ia numerous cases of adults." — Db. Dbsseau in Medical Record, July 28, 1877. ''*' The author has selected everything of sub- stantial value among the recent Advances in therapeutics. It is a practical work, replete with interest and reliable information, and will be found to be one which can be consulted by the practitioner with much benefit. We would advise every young physician to pro- cure and read the book. It fills all the author claims for it in letter and spirit, and is written in such a clear and simple style that all who read it will do so with pleasure."— Tf>«(tfni Lancet, 14 PXJBIICATI0N8 OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. . Materia Medica, TherctpmUcs. Fothergill, J. Milner, M.D., Member of the Royal College of FliysloianB of London : Senior Assirtant Physician to the City of Lon- don Hoiip;tal for Diseases of the Chest (Victoria Park) : late A.s8istant Phynician to the West Lon- don Hospital ; Associate Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. INDIGESTION, BILIOUSNESS, AND GOUT IN ITS PROTEAN ASPECTS. Part I. Indigestion and Bilioasness. One volume, 12ino, 820 pages, muslin. Piice, $2.25. Same in Paper, $1.00. ** The relation of digestion to habits of life, to methods of living, and to the perfect nutri- tion of the body, are treated in a masterly manner, and abound in practical hints of the greatest possible utility to the practising phy- sician. Altogether, the work is a remaricably comprehensive study of a subject which is too little understood by the majority of medical men." — New York Medical Jiecord. *^Dr. Fothei^^^B writings alwavs command attention; they are sprightly and fall of in- strnctive facts, drawn mostly from his own large experience. This volume is written from a physiological standpoint, and begins with an account of natural digestion, by way of introduction or antithesis to the main topie of the book." Phillips, Charles D. F., M.D., F.B.C.S.E., Lecturer on Mater'a Medica, Westminster Hospital, London. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. Inorganic Substances. Adapted to the United States Pharmacopoeia by Lawrence Johnson, M.D. Volumes I. and II. Sold only by subscription. See page 54. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. Vegetable Kingdom. Revised and adapted to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia by Henry G. Piffard, A.M., M.D., Pro- fessor of Dermatology, University of the City of New York ; Surgeon to the Charity Hospital, etc., etc. This practical book forms a volume in this series of 327 pages. May, Charles H., M.D., Instructor in Ophthalmology, New York P<4yolinic ; and Mason, Charles F., M.D., Late Assistant Surgeon, U.S.A. AN INDEX OF MATERIA MEDICA. With Prescription Writing, including Practical Exercises. Muslin, price, $1.00. (Woods Pocket Manuals.) (In Press.) Oarrod, Alfred Baring, M.D., F.S.S., Fellow of the Boyal College of PhysidAnB, etc., etc., THE ESSENTIALS OP MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. One hand- some Svo volume, 439 pages, extra muslin. Price, $4.00. ** The author of this book has succeeded ^^ We have here a brief re'sumj of materia admirably in placing in concise form what is medica, all non-essential parts being omitted. necessar}' to be ktiown of materia medica and therapeutics, leaving it to larger works to enter into details. ... If our estimate of the work is a correct one, and we think it is. it will not be long before another edition will be called for." — Medical and Surgical Reporter, It might be called a commentary on the Phar- macopceia, as it somewhat resembles Phillips^ commentary on the London Pharmacopoeia, though more extended in its description of the action and uses of remedies. "'--i^ciec^k; Medi- cal Journal, Trousseau, A., M.D.9 Professor of Therapentics of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris ; Phjrsician to the THdtel t)ieu. etc.. etc. THERAPEUTICS. Translated by D. F. Lincoln, M.D., from the Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Ninth French Edition, revised and edited. Volume I., IL, and III. Sold by subscription only. See page 56. PXJBLICATIONS OP WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. 15 Thera/peuticB^ Qholera^ Diagnosis. BinZy C.y M.D.y ProfeflRor of Pharmacology in the TJniverBity of Bonn. ' THE ELEMENTS OF THERAPEUTICS. A Clinical Guide to the Action of Medi- cines. Translated from the Fifth German Edition, and Edited, with Additions, in conformity with the British and American Pharmacopoeias, by Edward I. Sparks, M.A., M.B., Oxon., Member of the Royal College of Physicians of London, OflScier de Sante (Alpes Maritimes), France, formerly Radclide Travel- ling Fellow. In one handsome 12mo volume, 345 pages. Bound in extra mus- lin. Price, $2.0J. ** Fully up to the times as a therapeutic guide." — Toledo Medical and Surgical Jour- nal. ** We are much mistaken, however, if the work in its preseut shape does not become a general favorite with both students and prac- titioners. It will also help, we think, to ad- vance the movement to establish an universal Pharmacopoeia.'' — New Remedies. '*The work appears to have been written with great care, and bears the impress of re- liability, and is a volume that we do not hesi- tate to recommend in the strongest manner.*' — The Medical Record, Wendt, Edmund C, M.D., Om«tor of St. Francis' Honpital ; Pathologist and Carator of the New York Infant Hospital, eta A TREATISE ON CHOLERA. Edited and Prepared in Association with John 0. Peters, M.D., New York, John B. Hamilton, M.D., Surgeon-General U. S. Marine Hospital Service, and Ely McClellan, M.D., Surgeon U. S. Army. Illustrated with maps and engravings. Sold only by subscription. See page 51. Availing themselves of the history and experience of cholera epidemics to the present day, together with the new light thrown upon its mode of propagation, spread, and treatment the past year through the investigations of Prof. Koch and others— the knowledge conceruinff preventive measures, (quarantine, etc. , so recently acquired in France and Italy — the learned authors of this work aim to produce a book which may at least serve to prepare the profession of America successfully to combat this dreaded scourge, should it unfortunately gain an en- trance into our country this year. Burrall, F. A., M.D., ASIATIC CHOLERA. One volume, 12mo, 155 pages, muslin. Price, $1.50. *^ It is a special merit of Dr. Burrairs timely voliune, that it so states facts as to instruct the reader most impressively and acceptably in all that relates to preventive measures and prophylaxis. We have met with no wriiang on cholera in our language that has more happily achieved this chief end of medical xesearch. For this reason, no less than for the scholarly excellencies of this brochure, it is sure to com- mand the attention and regard of the profes- sion. "* ' — Medkcil Record, Hippocrates, THE GENUINE WORKS OP. Translated from the Greek, with a Preliminary Discourse and Annotations by Francis Adams, LL.D.) Surgeon. In two vol- umes. Sold by subscription only. See page 52. Delafield, Francis, H.B. ; and Stillman, Charles F., H.D. A MANUAL OF PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS. Illnfltrated with superimposed and transparent lithographed plates. One rolume, 4to, dO pages, muslin. Price, $2.00. ** The want of conciseness in the otdinaiy ** We cannot imagine any way in which the manuals on physical diagnosis affects the aver- practical study of ph^sidu diaffnosis can be age stndentjand they never learn it until com- made more easy than dv the aia of this sur pelled to. This work is an exception to this perb work.*^ — jPaciflc Medical and Surgieai rule."— O^io Medical Recorder, JoumaL 16 PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. Diagnosis. Bauneyi Ambrose L., A.M.y M.D., Adjunct ProfeRsor of Anatomy and Late Lecturer on the Sartrical DiNmaes of the Oenito- Urinary Orgatts and on Minor Surgery in the Medical Department of the University of the Giry of New York ; Late Surgeon to the North weRtern and Northern DlRpeuKarieR; Re»4dent Fellow of ihe New York Acad- emy of Muilicinu ; Member of the Medical Society of the County of New York, etc. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON SURGICAL DIAGNOSIS. DESIGNED AS A MANUAL FOR PRACTITIONERS AND STUDENTS. Third Edition. One volume of G28 pages, illustrated by 31 plates, handsomely bound in muslin. Price, $4.50. and in this country, in 1864, this is, so far as -we know, the firat monograph ever issued on surgical diagnosis." — Philadelphick Medical Times. *' The chief source of perplexity in the prac- tice of medicine and surge ry is to find out what is the matter with the patient. Uncomfort- able, indeed, is the reflection of a practitioner when he has left a case bandaged and dressed for a fracture when, perchance, it may be' a dislocation. Dr. Kanney has given us a book to assist us in all such states of uncertainty, and he has done well ; for in presenting, the symptoms of disease in marked contrast, it makes the diagnosis of similar troubles really easy." — Toledo Med. and Hurg. Joui^nal. ** Useful on account of its systematic ar- rangement." — Cincinnati Lancet and Clinic. ** We are at a loss to see how more informa- tion could have been condensed in fewer words." — Chicago Medical Journal and Ex- aminer. **The system and arrangement of the vol- ume are highly commendaofe, and the author has carried them out well." — Southern Prac- titioner. ** A very good aid to snrgical diagnosis for both advanced surgeons and beginners. As a text-book for surgical lectures it is quite val- uable." — St. Louis Clinical Record. "With the exception of Macleod's ! Out- lines,^ published simultaneously in Eli^^land Guttman, Dr. Paul, Privat-Dooent in Medicine, Uniyersity of Berlin. A HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS: COMPRISING THE THROAT THORAX, AND ABDOMEN. Translated from the Third German Edition hy Alex. Napier, M.D., Fellow of Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glas- gow. American Edition, with a colored plate and numerous illustrations. Sold only by subscription. See page 56. Hudson, E. D., Jr., A.M., M.D., Professor of General Medicine and Diseases of the Ctiest in the New Yoric Polyclinic, Physician to Belle- vne Hospital, etc. A MANUAL OF THE PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THORACIC DISEASES. 162 i>ages, profusely illustrated. Price, extra muslin, $1.50. Loomis, Alfred L., MD. LESSONS IN PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS. One volume, 8vo, 240 pages, illustrated, muslin. Price, $3.00. " The previous editions of this volume have been very well received, and, from their ready sale, appear to meet a well-recognized wantw . . . We find the plan of the work excel- lent, and, within the limits proposed by the author, very well carried out. It would be easy to point out many omissions ; complete- ness and conciseness to a certain degree ex- clude each other ; but in the apace assumed it would be difficult to include a greater variety and amount of sound teaching. The style is compact, clear, positive, and exact. It is free from all irrelevant discussions ; nothing is al- lowed to disturb or confuse the distinct image of clinical facts. . . . The book ia very creditable to its acute and industrious author ; and whoever shall practically master its con- tents cannot fail to be a discriminating and well-furnished diagnoetidui." — The Medical Sccord. ** For students it is the best work on phyii- cal diagnosis that is published.*^ — Detroit Jie» view of Medicine. ''This is a work already well and favorably known to the profession. In the present edi- tion the original text has been entirely revised and enlarged by the addition of five new les- sons." — Chicago Medical Examiner. *' Students of medicine and practitioners will find this just the work to meet their wants on the Buojects of wbiofa it treats. Itf instructions are full and very plain.** — OinHn^ nati Medical News. **The previous editions of the work, con- fined to an exposition of the subject of physi- cal exploration of the chest and abdomen, we have regarded as among the very best works on the sabject extant, and henoe recommended * Loomis on Physical Diagnosis * to our classea ; and it gives us pleasure to repeat, in this form, our hearty commendation of the book.** — Michigan Univertity Medical JoumaL PUBMCATIONS OF WTLLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. .17 « - Botany^ Climutology^ and Physiology, Johnson, Laurence, A.M., MJD., Ltctorer on MedlctU Botany^ Medical I>ep«rtin«nt of tbe UniTersity of th« Oity of New Tortc ; Eellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, etc. MBDICAL BOTANY : A Treatise on Plants used in Medicine. Illustrated by nine beautifully colored plates and very numerous fine wood-engravings. Sold only by subscription. See page 53. Bell, A. N., A.M., M.D., Bditor of ** The Sanitarian ; *^ Member of Amerioan Medical AA^ooiation, American Poblic Healtti Amo- oiation. Medical Society of the State of New York ; Honorary Member of Oonnectioat Medical BoJpi- ety ; Oorreiiponding Member of the Epidemiological Society of London ; formerly V. A. Sdi^gton U! S. Navy, etc, CLIMATOLOGY OF THE (JNITED STATES AND ADJACENT COtTNTBIBS, and of 9uch Foreign Ports and Places as have intimate Commercial Relations with the United States, with special reference to Health Resorts, and the Pro- tection of Public Health. Sold only by subscription. See page 51. ^9* This work has been written expressly for Wood's Library, b' one wbote.trainini^ai^d •tndy have been for many years in this line. Ashby, Henry, M.D., Physician tt> the General Hospital for Sick Children, Manchester: Lecturer on Animal Physiology to the Evening Classes, the Owens College ; formerly Demonstrator of Physiology, LtverkxMt- S^Mtf of Medicine. MEMORANDA OF PHYSIOLOGY. Third edition. Thoroughly revised, with ad- ditions and corrections by an American editor. 18mo, 819 pages, muslin. Price, (1.00. (Wood's Pocket Manuals.) ** This vahmble addition to the popular se- ries, Wood^ Pocket Manuals, wjeib originally compiled for the use of the students of the liverpool School rd. Medicine, when preparing for the primary examination of the College <>f Surgeons. The author was induced to bring them out in print, in the hope that they might prove ttsefol to a wider class of students. Quain^s and 6rav*s Anatomies and Foster^s * Text-book of Physiology ' were the sources upon which much of the information oontained in the work was founded. The seventeen sec- tions embrace oonoite data on PhytioloflAoal Chemistry, Physiologioal Histology, The Blood, llie Ciroolation, Lympbatio eystem, Respinrtion, Animal Heat, Food, IMceation, Absorption and Nutrition, The Liver, l%e Kid- neys, The Ductless danos, Nervous System, The Senses, Speech, and Organs of Generation ; and the Appendix ; Ingesta and Egesta, Metric Svstem, and Thermometer Scales. A oom- plete index makes the usefalness of the little book readily available. ** Comstock, J. C. ; and Comings, IX^ HD., PRINCIPLBS OF PHYSIOLOGY : Designed for the Use of Schools, AcademiM, Colleges, and the General Reader. Comprising a Familiar Explanation of the Structure and Functions of the Organs of Man. Illustrated by comparative ref- erences to those of the inferior animals. Also an essay on the Pr^rvation of Health. With fourteen quarto plates and over eighty engravings on wood, making in all nearly two hundred figures. One volume, 4to, 110 pages. Price, in muslin, unoolored, $2.2(lk 2 18 PDBIJCATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. Physiology. Kirkes' Handbook of Physiology. HAl^BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. ByW. Mobrant Baker, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital and Consulting Surgeon to the Eyelina Hospital for Sick Children ; Lecturer on Physiology at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and late , Memher of the Board of Examiners of the Boyal College of Sui^eons of Eng- land, and Vincent Dormer Harris, M.D. Lond., Demonstrator of Physiol- ogy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Eleventh edition. In one volume, with a colored plate and five hundred illustrations. Price, muslin, $4.00 *, leather, $5.00. ^9* Kirkes' Phyaiolpgy has long enjoyed a high reputation, as one of the best and most |n»oraoaI works 6f its kind, and in this new edition, jast completed by Drs. Baker and Harris, u pro1b«bly as acceptable a book on the subject as could be presented to the practitioners of America. •I . Folly up to the latest developments in the science of which it treats. The illus- 'trations ate well selected and will be found very' helpful to the student in his efforts to Gompreb^id and master even the mostintri- *^ As a guide for the student, and ready ref- erence for the practitioner, this work is not ex- celled by any other in the English language for the clearness of statement of estabushed facts in the suience of which it tr^kts." — The cate portions of the subject." — Tiie Hahne- Sanitarian,, New York, April, 1885. mioiogv." — /lOtiim itry."— ififfli- _Vla™, October -JS, l»lh3. -' This little book is \ iiaefat aid to work immiorof Phj.bloB>- throngh ~McdUal a given t oudaotiiu; ^- s of tiiinles."— i^Ad*. I adphia ifeOlcal Tlmn, October, 1381, Satterthwaite, Thomas E., H.D., A MANUAL OP HLSTOLOGT. Edileil «iid Prepared bv Ttiojfas E, Sattb|H. TBWAiTHL, M.D.. of New York. lii asBOoiation with Dre, thomns Dwight, J, Cbl- lins Warruii, William F. Whituey, CltirBiica L Blake, and C. H. Wimniniv'of Boatoii ; Dr. J. Henty C. Sunes, of PliiladelpliiB ; Dr. Benjamin F. Wtstbro*^, oC Brooklyn ; and Dm. Edmund C. Wendt, Abraham Mayer, B. W, Amidon, A. R, Rubinson, W. R. Birdsall, D. Brysoa Delavan, C. L, Daiia. and W. H. Porter, oE New York City. Naw edition, witli sppendln. In ona liandsoma Bto volume, protuBelj Illustrated, 480 pages, muslin. Price, J;4,50. ' K^..... P worken in tbia depnrtoieDt^ as being a tra«t- Abreut v I worthy and valuable epitotne of tbe eabject alike creditable to the «ditoi I aacording to the light of the moat recent in- to call himeelf— hia collaborator) I Testiaations, and a* being by far the b«rt meflical profawlon in the Unitec \ Ei^luh tflit-book, a« adapted to ihc wants of The Sanilurian, New Yotk City. I Ihe student and busy praetitioner ; ftg such we "W^ would reootninend the 'Manual'"! end It" — American JnHrnal Siatalo^y' to any physician or student vjho ical Buienoas." he is pleased Ts, and Qte d Statsa.''— * "This book ia what it purports to be. a manual in the tine aenae uf the word, and wili meet the wantK of the btiay praotittoner, as well OB the stndent who is juat commenolng ■tndv in this important department." — Hedi- eal Timei. " We oommend it to the teachers of htatol- ogy in our ooUegea as a fitting dasa book ; one tooe studied, and not an one of rcfcreooe."— Thernpeulif O'nettt. " In every respect it in a book that we can heartily oommend to all who deaiie to study IhiamoatattraoCive and nsef nl braneh of nedi- eine."— VoiAtn'i^e Journal of ifedMae and 'Ameriean Jownal Siatalo^y' to any physician o Chicago U^ieal Jonrii '"Hiia i« really a aoperb work, and will bo ■DUBht for by thoae engag:ed in hixtalogS^ work. Such a work aa thia should be studied in oonjunction with phyuology, whether the student is able to follow alone with ttie miiVa- ■cope or not."— CinciHttaii M'dlrnl ,VfiM. " It may be (laid that l^attertbwaite'a 'MbH' nal' wottliily repreaontsthehiBtologioal knowl- cd^ of to-day, and it may be safely used aa a cnidc-book iv stDdents and practitionetaJ'* — Jfrdlcat Hfinird. ^ " The appendix eontaioB whatever haa been recently aSded to our knowledge of the lymph- atio syetem and the aalivary Rlanda. Those wbo h*Te toiled throiuh the hiBtalonoal foes of lonie other work willappraeaiate this book?' — Virginia Medical J/uB(/t(^. k Thadichum, J. L. W., M.D., i ^^80 PUBLICATIONS OP WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. Pathology amd Therapeutics. Ziegler, Ernst, Professor of Pathologioal Anntomy in tlie University of Tikbingen. A TEXT-BOOK OF GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND PATHOGENE- SIS. Translated and edited for English students by Donald McAlisteb, A.M., M.D., Member of the Royal College of Physicians ; Fellow and Medical Lectnter of St. John^s College, Cambridge. Three Parts complete in one volume^ Svo, 1118 pages, two hundred and eighty-nine illustrations. Price, extra muslin, $5.50; sheep, $6.50. ^^ The book has a two-fold merit; the text is not overladen with detail, and is therefore - mduable as a text-book ; and its ample biblio- gruphioal reoorda render it equally valuable as . a Jbrk of reference. Dr. MaoAlister desexives ', the best thanks of pathologists for his labcM: and skill as translator and editor; and the pnb- , Ushers also may be congratulated upon the ex- ■ ' cellent manner in which they have fulfilled .., their part m its production. ' — The Lancet^ London, April 9, 1«87. ^^As a rule the pathology of the skin has been too mach specialized and kept more or less out of works professing to include a sketch of the entire science of pathology. Ziegler and Mac Alister include in this general work all the 1 special details that are to be found in the monographs of eminent dermatologists. A reference to the illustrations of this section is , Jilone sufi&cient to bhow itf value. . . . The . text accompanying these illustrations is very .( complete, so that we find a complete treasury of dermatological knowledge withmaworkongen- eral and special pathology. . . . The section • > on pathology of the mucous membranes is of the nighest value." — British Medical Journal. L **" Dr. Ziegler is one of the ablest of the mod- em German pathologists, and it is among them that the most careful and thorough studies in , this department have l>een now for naany years ,* carried on.'* — St. Louis Courier of Medicine. ] ** There is a growing likincr among us for ' fOerman medicalliterature, ana this work may |be found to satisfy a want .in this direction. The book is well translated, and the part on -, parasites, vegetable and animal, will be found . mcnre full and up to the present time than any- . thing in the English language." — American Practitioner. **The illustrations are excellent, iMid the; .' text is developed with the wonted care of this great teacher.*^ — The LouiaviUe Medical News. ^* Professor Ziegler is conceded authority for both Europe and America. ... A work of rich excellence for the professional worker." — St. Louis Medical JuurueU. *'lt is only occasicmally that even celebrated men write a thoroughlv useful and reliable book for students, a book which, while it con- tains all that is necessary, is not so large as to be hindersome. Professor Zi^ler seems to have been successful in accompTiiJiing such a work. The translation is an excellent one, and the work is confidently recommended to all who wish an exhaustive and readable book' on pathology, and one thoroughly up to the times. " — Caniulian Practitioner. ^^ We can most heartily recommend the book to the profession, and prophesy for it as great a success here as abroad." — JUoston Medical and Surgical Journal. ^* This is an eminently practical work, based upon the author's unusual experience and close observation, but with sufficient reference to tlie general literature of each subject dis- cussed to make it a very comprehensive treat- ise, and practically complete." — The Sanita- rian, '* In the work now presented we recognize a superior text-book, adapted to the use of the student. " — Jlomceopathic Journal. '*We know of no work in any language which 80 fully and completely represents the pathological knowledge of the day." — Canada Medical and Surgical Journal. ^'Replete with most valuable information by a most competent observer, it can but com- mand the heartiest commendation at the hands of all interested in the advance and progress of the healing art and science.** — Souihei'n Practitioner. ** Those who would be informed on the very latest in pathology, must own this book.** — Medical Ei'a, Griesinger, W., M.D. MENTAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. page 54. Sold only by aubscription. See 'Wood's Pocket Maniials. THE PRESCRIBBR»S MEMORANDA. Price, $1.00. **The name of the 6omipt)er of thin little Vork is not given on th^ tftle-pi^ There is no preface, no introdndtion, and no claim to have supplied *a want long felt.* This un- usual modesty caused us to look over the book pretty thoroughly, and we say that it is one of the most useful little books of this charao- f 4er which has app«arod.*'**^2h^Mo MiidMt cn4 Surgical Journal Novembo^ IMl. One volume, 32iiio, 800 pages, mtisHn. '*A Mmvenient little pbcket ikkathnal; dis- eases and accidents arranfljed in ali^habetlbal order, and favorite preaeripUons of wiell-kiiti^n physicians given under each head.'*— 0&«/«/ri<; rg^t^^oveipber. 1681. — IS rts^nvwneut ItMltedkxdf^MiUJity reference.**— 2%«raptfiiwledge into this most intorest- inft domain. **—iSMa/Ma« City Jo^itnaL Trejy Heinrich, Profesaor of Medicine in the UniTenity of Zorich. -1 , « THE MICROSCOPE AND MICROSCOPICAL TECHNOLOGY. A Text-book for Physicians and Students. Translated and Edited by Geo. R. Cutter, M.D., Burgeon New York Eye and Ear Iirfirm^ry ; Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon [to the St. Catherine and Williamsburg Hospitals, etc. « etc. Illustrated by three hundred and eighty-eight engravings on wood. One volume, Svo, 660 pages. Price, muslin, |B.OO ; or colored leather, $7.00. "In many respects we think this tin beirti work on the microscope." — t)€lroit Review of Medicine. **A complete exposition of the aubjeott thoroughly indispensable to the practical microscopist. *' — (Jhicago Medical Journal. *■*■ The work is presented very modestlv, yet we find it not only very accurate in all its, de- 1 tails of process, but complete as regards varie- ty of topics treated. The condensed style of. vie author, the fairness of his nature, together with his understanding of histology, permit an unbiassed discussion of nearly all questions of microscopic anatomy, and many oi obsooro pathology. The rules for testing and seleoi- mg an mstrument are especially valnable to one aboat to purchase.** — ^eto York JonrtuU of Medicine. valus^Ue by his own judieibus hrackets.***-^ Brown^SfquarcCs Archives of Scienlijtc arixt rractical Medicine. i ^^ Those who are familiar with Frey's adroi- raUe manual will feel grateful to Dr. Cutter for his very readable translation, which ena- bles our American and EngUsh students w^o are unacquainted with the Crerman tongue* to par^oipate in the instructions of the renowned Zaxioh professor. These directions for inves- tigation possess an especial value to the Amer- ioan observer, on account of the explidit manner in which are described the manifold) improved methods of demonstrating the vaiif. ous stractares in their healthy or diseased cooditieas. Ta sum up all, we think that tld»' handsome volume ia one which the workingf raioroscepist osihnot afford to dowithont.*^ PWad^pMa Medical Times. Hilloi:, Kajipoe.K., KD., PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY. A Course of Normal Histology for Students and Practitioners of Medicine. (In Press.) Garpente^r, Wm. B., G.B.^ X.D«/LIi^, THE MICROSCOPE AND trS REVELATIONSI. ' Sixth Edition. Yolum« I. Illusti;ated \jy one^eoliQre^ i^id twent^rsix plain plates, and five hun» dred and two fine woocC-engravingsj Yolnme II. I^nstrat^d with tw-Qnty-sfx. .jjlatjga? and five hundred and two fiuifi wood-engraving^ ^M 9life l*^; ^uljsy ^ptjioiv Seepage^ 7^ • * J^oodSy *I^ais&n8j Bwi^gery. Pavy, F. W., M.D., F.S. ^ . A TREATISE ON FOOD AlfD I^IETETICB. Second Edttibn. Sold only by sub- scription. See page 55* . . J- i J Fothergill, J. Milner, H.D. Edin. A MANUAL OF DIBTBTICa One volume, d63 pages. Fine muslin binding. ( Price, $2.6a Bljrth, A, W., 11S.C.S. -POISONS, THEIR EFFECTS AND DBTECmON. A manual for the use of ana- lytical chemists and experts.* Vfitli an introductory esday on the Growth of Modern Toxicology. Volume I. , with tables and illustrations. Volume U. , with tables and illustrations. Sold by subscription only. See page 53. Eichhorst, Dr. Hermann, ., Pfofemor of Special Pathology and Ther^pcntin and Dimotar of the UniverBlty Xedical OUmic in Zorich. < DISEASES OF BLOOD, NUTRITION, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES, nius- ' trated by seventy-four fine woodehgravings. Being Volume TV. of the "Hand- book of Practical Medicine." Sbld by subscription only. See page 52. fToiniltony Frank HastingSy A.M.y H.D.y LL.I>., Profentor of the Practice of Snrgeiy, with OperationH, and of Clinical Snrgery, in Bclleyiie Hospital Medical College ; Visiting Surgeon to Bcllevne Hospital ; Oonsnlting Surgeon to Bureau of Suri^cal and Medical Belief for the Outb. Pilclier, Lewis S., AJII., MJ>., Of Brooklyn, N. Y. THE TREATMENT OF WOUNDS. Being a Treatise on the Principles upon which the Treatment of Wounds should be Founded, and on the Best Methods of car- rying them into Practice, iucluding a Consideration of the Modifications which Special Injuries may demand. Illustrated by wood-engravings. Salter, S. James A., M.B., F.R.S., Member of the Rojal College of Surgeons and Examiner in Dental Surgery at the College ; Dental Sur- geon to Guy's Hospital. DENTAL PATHOLOGY AND SURGERY. One volume, 8vo, 399 pages, illus- trated, muslin. Price, $4.50. ** Mr. Salter was educated as a surgeon, and House Surgeon to King^s College Hospital, and practised surgery for the first few years of his career ; hence it is that hs has given to the profession an admirable treatise, nut only on the pathology of the teeth but also on den- tal surgery. ... In conclusion, we would recommend the book as a most able and prac- tical treatise on dental surgery and pathology. It tells all that is known on the subject in a dear and pleasant style, and should be read by all who are interested in that special depart- ment of surgery. The book is weU printed, and illustrated with one hundred and thirty- iSbi^ eitoellent wood-engravings.'' — Medical fiW^9 and Gazette. ii m long been known as one of the most scientific dentists of the day. Mr. Salter had the great advantages of such a complete medical educa- tion as IS implied by the possession of a de- gree of the University of London, upon which Le turned his attention te dental subiecte, wid he has continued his labors upon the broad ba- sis thus laid down, with the satisfactory re- sults that he has contributed not a little to both the science and practice of dentistry, the latter in ite widest sense. . . . We close M£ Salter'fr wo^c wtril salisfied tttM it i« im honest record of good physiological and prad*- tieal work, and we congratulate both the sur- gical and dental professions on possessing such a valuable work of reference." — London Lan- cet, f^piis handsome volume embodies the re- seurches and experiences of a surgeon who has Stoddard, Paul B., ILD^ M.£.K.8., KB.P.S., ^ . , Demonstrator of Anatomy in ttie Universitr of PenniTlviania, Ledtirer on Anatomy, eta, etc THE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOLOGY OF THE HUMAN TEETH. With the Most Improved Methods of Treatment, including Operations, and the Method of Making and Setting Artificial Teeth. With thirty plaies. Aided in the practical part by Josbfh E. Pabkeb, Dentist. One volume, 4to, 227 page?, muslin. Price, $3.75. PDHEJOATIONS OF WILUAM WOOD & COMPAmf . 2S ^IM^M^—— — — ^^-^ m .Ml ■ ,m^^^-^^^ ^ II ■■ I--- ..I. .■■■■■■■■■Ml ■— IM ■— ^^^M^i^W^M^-^—^^^— ^i— ^^^— _ ■- .M* Surgerjf^ Dise(i8e» of Women, The International Encyolopsadia of Surgery, A-Systematio^ Treatise on tli« Theory and PraetUse of Surgeiy. Bj anthers of various nations. Edited by JoHN-AsHpuBarr, Jr., M.B., Professor of Clinical Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania. In six volumes, royal 8vo. Illus- trated with chromo-lithographs and wood-engravings. Price per volume, muslin, |:6.00; leather, $7.00; half morocco, |8.00. Sold only by subscrip- tioii. See page 61« Mimd^, Paul F., M.D., Profesoor of Gynecolofiy nt the New Tork 7'ol3r<'linlo and at Dsrtmoath GoOege ; Gynecologist to ML Sinai Hoj*pital : Obstetric Surgeon to Matemicy Htmpital ; Fellow of the Obstetrical Society of New York, and of the American Gynecologinil Society, etc., «tc. A TEXT-BOOK OF MINOR SURGICAL GYNECOLOGY. One volume, 8vo, nearly 600 pages, illustrated with over three hundred engravings, bound in ex- tra muslin. Price, $5.00. y^y Dr. Mond^^s Biaaaal, which appeared as one of the volmnes of the seoond series of Wood's Library o€ Standard Medical Authfurs^ met with soeh a cordial reception, and exten- sive sale, that the publishers arranged with the distinguished author for the production of a didactic work which would be based upon the previous one, and incorporate all its b^ feat- ares in addition to such other matter as would be neQessary in consequence of the advance* ment of the science and the requirements of a book snitable for teaching purposes. The work here announced is the result, and the publishers confidently expect for it an un- exampled popularity in its field. To such as are not familiar with the previous work the publishers would say, in explanation of the scope and character of this, that it is intended to treat of those minor technicalities and manipnlatlons commonly employed in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of women. As the scope of a work which covers the whole vast field of gynecological science does not permit the detailed discussion of many practical pointB which the student and practitioner should know, and is obliged to learn with many annoy- ances in the course of his practice, this worl^ while it is not snpposed to supply the knowledge gained at the bedside or operating-table, will attempt to lay before the reader a clear and con- cise description of details and maniptdations, the ignorance of, or want of experience in which will often lead to errors both of omission and jOom|DisslQ|L ' The.prof use illustration of instnir ments and operations and the careful details in deflcri|ftfon, will render the work exceptionally vtilaable to those giving especial attenoiety of Physicianii and NaturaliRtf*. Paris ; Hon. Fellow of the Imperifd Academy of Medicine of Belgium ; Knight of the Legion d'Honneur, etc. * *" . ■ •' * • • - CLINICAL NOTES ON UTEEINB SUROKfiT. WHh Special H»ferenoe to^ Hie- Management of the Sterile Oondttioii. " ^e TOlume,j8yo^ 401 pages, illustrate^} paper. Special Edition. Price, $1.00. : every practitioner, young and old. Wliile its teacninffs are ao simple thai the merest tyro can f uuy comprehend them, they are replete with Talnable lessons to the phyeician of ripe experience. We have perused the work with much satisfaction, arising from it refreshed rather than sated. '^-*Pa«(^ MtdicaC^nd JSn^' gicol JoumaL *'He is original in conception, peraeverinff under difBcalties, ](^cal in his deduction, 4na has, above all, opened the way to tbe develop- ment of a subject that has been a stumbling- block to the medical profession. We com- mend this work to our readers." — New Or- leans Medical and Surgical Journal. ^^The volume should be in the hands of Skene, Alexander J. C M.D., ProfefAor of the Diseases of Women in the Long Island CoUeRe Hospital ; Fellow of the American Gtyne« cological Society ; Oorrespouding Member of the Qynecologlcsl Society of the Connty of Kinga^'and of the Obstetrical Society of New York. DISEASES OF THE BLADDER AND URETHRA IN WOMEN. Second Re- vised Edition. 8vo, 374 pi^es, illustrated, muslin. Price, $3 00. ^* In addition to the sterling practical matter in which this work abounds, we have the ad- vantage of illustrations admirably executed, particularly in the chapter on urinary analy- sia'* — The Canada Lancet. *' This work of the distinguished gynecolo- gist fills a vacancy in medi^ literature. It may be declared the only systematic treatise upon the subject in the English language, and for that reason its advent will be hail^ with joy by tbe profession throughout the coantry." — Nashville Journal ofMMlicine, **Dr. Skene haa r^idered the profession |^' real service, while the meagre information Qn' this subject heretofore within the reach' of busy practitioners will command for this book the piibce it should fill in every library.** — St. LouUt Medical and Surgical Journal. ** These lectures are exactly what the author claims for them — a convenient, plain, unccon- plicated statement of the principal diseases of the female urethra and hladder.'* — Detroit Lancet, Bedford^ Gunning S., A^H^ M.D., Formerly Professor of Obstetrics, the DiseaaeA of Women and Ohildren, and Olinical Obstetrics, in tbe University of New York ; author of *' Olinical Lectures on the Diseases of Women and Children.^ THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF OBSTETRICS. Carefully revised throughout and enlarged. One volume, 8vo, 763 pages, illustrated by four colored liihographio plates and ninety -nine wood-engravings. Price, muslin, $5.50; leather, |G.50. ** As a practical guide it is«a truly excellent one — perhaps in this respect it is unsurpassed.^* Glasgow Medical Journal, ** It is systematic in its arrangement, clear and explicit in its teachings.'* — American Journal of the Medical Sciences. CLINICAL LECTURES ON THE DISEASES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN. One volume, 8vo, G67 pages. Price, muslin, $4 CO ; leather, $5.00. ** Successful as the work has been at home : ^u^r^es. We congratulate the author upon and abroad, we were not prepared to see it j this liigh compliment paid to his labors in the achieve a success exceedingly rare in the his- | still new field of uterine pathology, where so tory of American medical authorship, viz., a i many struggle vainly for reputation.** — Amer- tranalation into the French and German lan^ • lean Medical Times. Garrigues, Henry Jacques, A.M., M.D., Obstetric Snrsreon to the Maternity Hospital ; Pbysiciaii to the Gynecologiosl Department' of tlM Qer- man DispenKary ; Fellow of the American Gynecological Society ; Peliow of the New Toric Obstet- rical Society, etc. DUGNOSXS OF OVARIAN CYSTS BY MEANS OF THE EXAMINATION OF THEIB CONTENTS. One volome, 8vo, 112 pages, illustrated, musliu. Price, $1.26. PUBLICATIONS OF WltlilAM WOOD k COMPAIfY. 3T I>is€as^s of Women. Verrier, E., M.D. ^^ PBACTICAL MANUAL OP OBSTETRICS. Fourth edition, enlarged and revised, with four Obstetric Tables of Professor Pajot First Aueriean edition, with re- vision and annotations by Edward L. Partridob, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School. One volume, 8vo, 420 pages, illustrated bj one hundred and five wood-engravipgs. Fine muslin binding. Sold by subscription only. See page 54. Braun, Dr Carl &., Ttat of Midwifery, Vieniw. THE UREMIC CONVULSIONS OP PREGNANCY, PARTURITION, AND CHILDBED. Translated from the German, with notes, by J. MATTHEWS DuH- CAN, F.R.C.P.E., Lecturer on Midwifery, etc. One volume, 12mo, 182 pages, muslin. Price, $1.00. . :>'' :' • \ *^ It contains, in a condensed form, the most complete and reliable history of this affection yet pablished.** — New Tork Journal of Medi- cine. "We advise all who feel interested in the subject to procure it, as it will fully repay the perusal/' — St. Louis Medical, and Surffical Journal. ^*A most valuable esaay^ and one that will not be easily rivalled for its completeness and erudition.**— >iHi&?., Late Professor of Obetetrica, Diseases of Women and Children, an^'C^llcal^id^ery ia tk^ Mi^ Island College HoapitaL ' HYSTEROLOGT : A Treatise, Descriptive aud Clinical, on the Diseases and the Displacements of the Uterus. lUust^ted with superior woodcuts. One volume, 8vo, 504 pages, muslin. Price, $1.00. ** His book is well worth reading. Itisemi- ** He has contributed valuable clinical cases, fiently clinical*' — London Medical Times and and his treatment appears satisfactory ini most Qaxette. ini^tasi09$.**'^Bujfkilo Msd. mnd Surg, Journal, 2S\ PUBMOATIONS OF WHiLUM WOOD & QOUfiAXY, DiseMea c^ Women.. Emmet, Thomas Addis, M.D., Bargeon-in-Chief of the New York State Woman^t Hoq>iti|l« etc^ eto. VBSIOO-VAGINAL FISTULA FROM PABTUBITION AND OTHjaEl CAUSES ; with Gafi«)8 of Beoto vaginal Fiatula. lUustrated with WQod-en^avinga. One T<^ume, 8vO) 250 pages, niuslhu Price, ${^.75. *' A careful and painstaking record of many I ** No work of its sire has so mnch enriched cases of vesico-va^nna^ fistula, arising from all | the literature of gyneoologj as .this one." — sorts of causes. The operations necessary in , Medical Record. each case are clearly described.** — Medical Times and Gazette. '* Certainly no one is more competent to g've an opinion in the matter than Dr. Emmet, T his experience has been great indeed." — Cincinnati Medical Repertory, ^'As to the phf/swuc of the book, if we have any fault to fixfii; tt'in SHth t|ie eiegaufi^^ of its workmanship and costume, in which re- snect it puts to Mash its shelf companionn.**— Pacific Medical aud Hurgical Journal, t _ Brown, W. Symington^ M.D.9 Member of the Oyneecological Society of Boston ; Fellow of the Massacbasetts Medical Society, etc. A CLINICAL HANDBOOK ON THE DISEASES OF WOMEN. Illustrated with wood-engrayings. One volame, 8vo, 247 pages^ muslin. Price^ $2.50. *'The author writes with great simplicity of diction, his style much resembling that of a clear-headed and ready clinical lecturer who is a master of his Bubjeci, and chooses, off-hand, the shortest route to the understanding of his hearers. ** — Louisville Medical News. Tilt, Edward John, M.D. A HANDBOOK OF UTEBINB THEBAPEUTICS AND DISEASES OF WOMEN. Fourth Edition. Sold only by subscription. See page 57. Tait, Lawson, M,D. ON THE OV ABIES. Second edition. Muslin. Price, $8.50. DISEASES OF WOMEN. A new edition, with considerable additions, prepared by the ' Author expressly for Wood's Library. This very compact, useful book makes a vol- ume of 204 pages, with illustrations. Sold only by subscription. See page 59. I'ritsoh^ Heinricli, M.D., . Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the TTniversity of Halle. .THE. DISEASES OF WOMEN. A Manual for Physicians and Students. Trans- lated by Isidore Furst. Illustrated with one hundred and fifty fine wood- engravings. Sold only by subscription. See page 56, Savage, Henry, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Burgeons of England, one of the Gonsnlting Medical Officers of the Sa- maritan Hospital for Wotnen. THE SUBGEBY, SUBGICAL PATHOLOGY, AND SUBGICAL ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE PELVIC OBGANS, in a Series of Plates taken from Nature, with Commentaries, Notes and Cases. Third Edition, revised and greatly ex- tended. Sold only by subscription. See page 68. Hart, D. Berry, M.D., Lecturer on Midwifery and Diseases of Women, &|p^(|p} d!fM(e#laifia, Mf Bn hwprg V t ^^.^ 1,*^ - Barbour, A. H., M.D., Ansistant to the Profefwor of Midwifery, University of Edinbnrgh. MANUAL OP GYNECOLOGY. Volume I. Illustrated with eight plates, two of which are in colors, and one hund)^ and ninety-two fine wood-engravings. Sold only by subscription. See page 55. Volume II. Illustrated with, a lithographic plate; apd ttvro. hiiAdrod %^d nine 4a^ woodrengravhigB. Sold only. by. aabscription. See page 55J PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COIdPANY. 29 Disedses of Children^ etc. Smithy Eustace, M.D., Fellow of the Roy»l College of ^hyuiefains ; Physfohtn t6 htnlAilflMisr the Kin^r of the Belgians ; Physi- cian to the East London Children^A Hospital, and to the Viotoria Park Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON DISEASE IN CHILDBEN. One 8vo volume, 868 pages. Price, hi cloth, $5.00 ; in leather, $6.00. '* No medical writer has written so well upon the wasting diseases of children as Dr. Smith. These aflfections are exceedingly common, and often iMiffle the best -efforts of the physician. ** In preparing a fonrth edition of this work for the press, the text has been revised and many alterations and additions have been in- troduced. Every care, however, has been taken to maintain the practical character of the book, so that it may continue to be a safe guide to the management of some of the com- monest, but not the least fatal, maladies of early life. Every physician should have a copy of the work in hisUbrary." — The Cincin- nati ifedieaX NevoSy June, 1885. *' Dealing with a comprehensive group of diaeases characterized by wasting, it becomes an invaluable aid to diagnosis in thoae often obscure cases. It is especially valuable to the practitioner in laige cities, or perhaps we might more truly say to the practitioner wherever he may be located, who has to deal with infant constitutions which have been wrecked by city life. The book is full of subsidiary informa- tion, and, dealing as it does with diseases characterized largely by mal-nutrition, con- tains the most carefully elaborated and suc- cessfully tested systems of feeding." — The Therapeutic Gazette^ Detroit, Mich., July, 1885. ^^This la a standard work. . . . It is the book to which the author owes, in a lan;^ measure, his great reputation in pediatric medi- cine, and if ne haa written no other, would have been sufficient to support his fame. . . . Each section of the work is developed with con- scientious attention to every essential detail, and while nothing relative to the pathology and clinical history of the affections named is omitted, the great question of constructive therapeutics is kept ever in the foreground, and discussed in all its bearinga after the manner of one who has mastered this difficult problem in infantile medicine.** — Louisville Medical Nisws, July 11, 1885. ^*This edition does not depart from the practical character of the former editions, but whatever has been added is calculated to en- hance its practical worth. The subjects con- sidered are: — Sinple Atcqphy from Inra^- cient Nouri8fameiit---<^hron4eDNATh«Ba, Oh#4n- ic Vomiting — ^Rickets — ^Inherited Syphilis — Worms — Chronic Pulmonary Phthisis — Casea- tion of Lymphatic Qlands— Diet of Children in Health and Disease. Some reviewers have criticised the chapter on diet as being '^ too ehborate *' bnt we consider it not elalxxate but complete.**-^ CTkidi^ Medical Tinies^ J^y^ 1885. ^^The author is a clear, oonoise writer, and leaves no doubt about the idea ^e intends to convey. One of the most valuable chapters in the book is that upon in herited s^hilis. This disease is so prevalent, and especially in cities, that a full discussion of this subject ia at all times valuable. ** Dr. Smith has spoken in such lan^naffe as to leave no mistake about the diagnosis of the disease, and this ia a point which cannot be overestimated, as the difficulty of making a diagnosis of we disease is ofben very great. . . . There is no better book of the kuid in the English langnage, a,hd Vre advise our friefids to procure it at once, as it is fully abreast of the times and a most valuable contribution to a library. *'>-7%4f Medieai Herald, Lduisviile, Ky., July, 1885. *'*' The great importance of the subject treated, the aound JCKlgment exhibited in the directions as to treitnuent^ and the charming style of writing, render it, m our opinion, the moat interesting and useful book of the kind that has ever been published.** — The Canadian Practitioner, Toronto, August, 18^. *^ The chapters devoted to nursing and diet are exceptionally rich in valuable suggestions drawn from a wide and intelligently obse^- ant experience.** — The New England Medical Gazette, August, 1885. ". . . full of facts pertaining to the lat- est development of this portion of mediofaie, all expressed in the language of a masted of this study and an excellent teacher. The por- tion pertaining to fftfant- feeding cannot be read too often or too carefully.**— X^etroii Lan- cet, Anguatk IS85. Ellis, Edward, M.D. A PRACTICAL MANUAL OP THE DISEAfiES OF CHILDBEN, with a Pormu- lary. Third Edition. This standard book m^cei a volume of 225 images. Sold only by subscriptionw See page 69. aO FGBIJCATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD A OOMPANT. Diseases of Children^ of the Eye^ Anatomy. Henoch, Dr. Edward, - "Sirectot Of thd Olinie cad PoljoUaio for Dfa p m a t of Ckildxoi in the Boy»l CharitA Hospital, and Pro- f«i0or in UtoBciiin .VniYenity. . , LEGTUBBS ON DISEASES OF CHILDREN. A Handbook for Physioians and Stndente. Truislated from tfie German. Sold only by sdbficription. ' See page 56. Routh, C. H. r^ M.D. INFANT FEEDING, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LIFE ; or, The Causes and Pre- vention of Infant Mortality. Third Edition. This unique work forms a volume of 286 pages in Wood's Library. Sold only by subscription. See page 59. Dwight, Thomas, AJI., M.D., Instrnctor in Topographical Anatomy and Histology in Hanrard-UniTertity; Fdlow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciencen ; Sorgeon at the Carney Hoi«pita], FROZEN SECTIONS OF A CHILD. Fifteen full-page lithographic plates, draw- ings from nature by H. P. Quincy, M. D. One volume, royal 8vo, 66 pages, muslin. Price, $3.0(X ** This book poseeMes the great merit nowa- gana are ho longer thoae of an infant, and not 4aya of originality. The plates are pen draw- yet thoae of an adult The seetionB from inga from sections of the body of a girl said to which these drawings are made begin at the be three years old, and are beautifully and neck, and continue, about and inch apart, graphically executed. They possess peculiar ; tlirough the trunk. For the student ana for attraclions to the anatomist from the fact. > the practitioner this book will prove interest- stated in the preface, that at three vears of ing and practically useful.'* age the proportions of the body and of the or- Hauthner, Ludwig, . Royal Profaaaor of the University of Vienna, THE SYMPATHETIC DISEASES OF THE EYE, Translated from the German by Warren Webstbb, M.D., Surgeon United States Army, and Jambs A. Spaulding, M.I)., Member of the American Ophlhalmological Society ; Ophthalmio Sui^eon to the Maine General Hospital. One volume, 12mo, 220 pages, muslin. Price, $2.00. '*In io fax as regards the subject of this reliable descripilcm of the multiform symp- monograph, we may truly say that it is one of toms, and the treatment of sympathetic ti^e most important with which the oculist is ophthalmia, so that they may at once recog- ever concerned. Upon his correct judgment nize its presence, and treiEit it m>m the outset will generally depend the future vision of the appropriately and eiTectnally. Altiiough cases patient. Much more urgent, therefore, must of this nature are comparatlvdy rare, their oe .tiie necessity for general practitioners in importance is sufficiently great to account for the country, and fcHT medical officers of the the appearance of this exceUent work in an army and navy, to have at hand a dear and English version.** Noyes, Henry D., M.D., Profemor of Ophthalmology and Otology in Bellevue Hospital Kedical GoIIoge ; Surgeon to the New York Bye and Ear Infirmary, etc. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Illustrated by two ehromo^lithographs and numerous wood-engravings. . Sold only by subeoription. See page 55. \^gr This treatise will be written with a specii^ view to the needs of the general practi- tioner, and treats the subject in a very plain, practical way. Foote, John, M.D., Pellow of the Royal Oollege of Surgeons in London ; Corresponding Itember of the Pharmaosutical Society of Lisbon, and formerly Burgeon to the Cholera Hospital at St. HeUer^s, Jersey. OPHTHALMIC MEMORANDA : RESPECTING THOSE DISEASES OF THE BYE WHICH ARE MORE FREQUENTLY MET WITH IN PBACTICB. One vol- ume, 18mo, 135 pages, muslin. Price, 50 centa. PUBLICATIONS OF WHIIAM WOOD & COMPANY. »! lHi&i%ei of 'the Eye. •/ :/X Stellwag (von Carion), Dr. Carl, ... - , . - * - Profefl^r of Ophthalmologj in the Imperial Royal XTniTersity of VieniUL TRBATISB ON THE DISEASES OP THE EYfi, INCLUDING THE ANATOMY OF THE ORGAN. Translated from the fourth German edition, and edited by D. B. St. John Boosa, M.D., Clinioal ProfesAor of the Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the University of the City of New York ; Surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital ; Chari.E6 S. Bull, M.D., formerly Assistant Surgeon to die Manhattan Bye and Ear Hospital ; Clinical Assistant in the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, etc. ; and Charle<4 E. Hackley, M.D., Clinical Professor of the Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the Woman's Medical .College of the New York Infirmary ; Surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. One volume, imperial 8vo, 915 pages, iUustrated by wood-engravings. Price, muslin, $6.50; leather, $6 00. This work is nearly *' oat of prints" and the few copies remain- ing hav« no oolored platea ** It should be in the hands of every medical :^n, and no one can safely practiBe ophthal- mology who does not regard the sabject from a standpoint at least as high as Stellwag occa- pie**** — New York Mediecu Journal. ** This is one of thoso oomnlete, exhaustive, magnificent monographs which we mav look for in vain outside of Germany. Afl that modem science has lent to the diagnosis, all thai the most careful observation has con- tri]i>nted to the treatment, and all that the ijo^st patient research has furnished to the pathology of diseases of the e;^e, are gathered together in this comprehensive volume. ^-^ Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter. ^* We must relactantly content ourselves with a simple indorsement of this book, as ikhe most complete and trustworthy comneu- dium of ophthalmology that has been ofiered , to American physicians since the appearance, many years ago, of the great, but now, in. many respects, obsK^ete works of Mackenzie and Lawrence." — St. Louis Medical and Sur- gieal Journal. *'0f the work, as a whole, it is scarcely necessary that we should speak. A third edition of a book of such magnitude misanB in Gecmany very much what ic would mean in Bnglandf that the ordeal of criticism had been passed successfully * and the translators are^ fully Justified in calling it ' a text-book which is regarded as one of the best in the German language.* It deals fully and aoon- rately with every branch of the subject to which it relates." — London Lancet, ''The rapid advance, by the united labors of Graefe, Helmholtz, Donders, Stellwag, and others, the science has made in the last six- teen years, very naturally led us to look to Germany for the first appearance of a system- atic treatise which should embody the pres- ent "advanced stage of ophthalmic medicine and surgery.' Prof. Stellwag has furnished us with such a treatise. It is a library in itseUE, and should be io the hands of every mati.^*«— Detroit Heview oj Medicine and Pharvr^aey. '* It is indeed a ffreat work, and will take its f>laoe as a standard authority in every medical ibrary.*' — PadJU Medical and Surgical Jour- *' We have no hesitation in sayiuj; that this work, as a whole, is far the best which has yet appealed in English ; and as a book of refer- ence for the consoltation of authority in mat- ters pertaining to the eye, is probably withoht its superior, even if it has its equal in iSvilr lan- guage." — American JourfuU of the Medical Science$. Boosa, D. B. St. John, M.B., and Ely, Edward T., M.B. : OPHTHALMIC AND OTIC MEMORANDA. One volnme, 18mo, 296 pages, mus- lin. Price, 11.00. (Wood's Pockfet Manuals.) New edition. \* •f 'It must prove an extremely useful work to general practitioners, containing, as it does, the' oteam of the subject. ''— - CHnic. ' *^This smsbU book, though containing only 380 pages, gires most of the important points in both ophthalmology and otology. Its style Is ve^ coneise, tbough not devmd of dear- ." — Laficet and Observer, ** As a concise treatise on the diseases of .t!ie eye and ear, the * Memorandum* is all that oould be deidred. It fulfils all that Its authoirs promise.^ — Wesiem Lancet ** We have rarely seen so small a book em- bracing so maeh."^ PhUad4lphia Medical ''Ttmet, 1 ■ 1 . ' - k ■ '• ' ' . • . ! ' I ' ■ I ' >l < ^ . i'l'f ;■, tf ;r* . - X 32 PUBLICATIONS OF WILUAM WOOD & COMPANY. Diseases of the iJye aiid Ear. Be Wecker, L., M.D.9 Professor of Clinical Ophtbalmologyf Paris. OCULAR THERAPEUTICS. Translated and Edited by Litton Forbes, M.A., M.D., F.R.O.S., Late Clinioal Assistont Royal London Ophthalmic HoepiUl One volume, 8vo, 552 pages, illustrated, muslin. Price, $4.^. '**Dr. De Wecker has written a ▼ery in- teresting volame, and Dr. Litton Forbes haa done eood servioe in rendering it into excel- lent &£lish. At whatever page it is opened the reader will find something to interest him — something novel, or some tiew applioacion of old knowledge. In their chatty and agreeable style these lectures remind us strongly of thosa of Tronsseau.-' — The lAxneet **We do not exaggerate the importance of this work when we assert that it marks an era in ophthalmological science. The rapid ad- vance in this special field, especially on the Continent, within the past few years, renders the appearance of this translation of Dr. Forbes peculiarly opportune ; and this is one of the peculiar attractions of this work, that it is written with a terseness and pcr^>icuity which render it easy of comprehension to the genend nractitioner, while it must prove of equal ntuity to the special worker, dealing as it does with many of the questions of practical interest which have agitated the minds of oph- thidmic snr|;eons for some time past ; and this vidue is heightened when we remember the Buck, Albert H., M.D., nndonbted genius of the anther, his great operative skill, bis vast exporienoe, and the many advances in the treatment of eje afTec- tions whioh have undoubtedly had their source in the originality and inventive power of Dr. De Wecker. Coming from such a pen, care- fully revised and condensed, these lectures will be read with avidity by all workers in this branch of surgery, and hence it is not a matter for surprise that already they have been trans- lated into Italian and Spanish, and are about to be issued in Germany." — l)ublin Journal of Medical Sciences, *^ Here. we have the fruits of an exQept!oiia>Uy large experience, and the matured judgment of one who has contributed largely to therepept advances made in this branch of medieine.*^ — Olcwgow Medical Journal. *■'' We do hot know that we ever read a work on any suHject with p^reater pleasure or more profit. It is a splendid r/sume of modern oph- thalmological science. It sheds still fi^^eater lustre on the naine of its illustrious author, while it reflects the greatest credit on theoU^le translator." — Dublin Medical Journal Inrtructor in Otology in the College of Physicians and 8nrfreon5ij New York , Aural Surgeon to tjhe New York Eyo and Ear Infirmary ; Editor of Ziemssen'M Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine ; Editor of Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences ; and Editor of ** A Treatise on Hygiene and Fnblic Health.'' DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASEJS OF THE EAB. Sold only by subscription. See page 56. idleny Peter, M.D.9 Fdlow of the Royal College of Surgeon^ Enf>land ; Aural Snrgeon to and Lecturer on Aurnl Snrgery jat St Mary^s Hospital ; Aural Sargeoti to the Royal Society of Musidans ; Late Surgeon to the Metro- politan Ear Infirmary, Sackville Street LEC5TURES ON AURAL CATARRH ; OR, THE COMMONEST FORMS OF DEAF- NESS AND THEIR CURE. (Mostly delivered at St. Mary's HQjQ)ital.) One volume, 12mo, d77 pages, illoatrated, muBlin. Price, $2.0(K " Full of valnable information for the gen* eral practitioner. We find here an explanation of many conditions which are often overlooked or misinterpreted by others than those who de- vote themselves to the specialty of aural dis- eases.^* — American Journal of InaanUy. ^* It forms one of the most reliable mannals upon Aural Catarrh that can be placed in the handJi of the practitioner. ... It will be of immense service to the general practitioner, enabling him to treat the most orainary cases of deamess with confidence, and to prevent the more serious ones from attaining that con- dition which eventually ronders them kwus- ceptible of amelioration, even by the most in- telligently directed efforts. It is a work, then, admirably adapted to the re^niremente of gen- eral practice, and one which we e«peciid}y recommend to the student in otology and to the busy practitioner.*' — The Medical M*cord. ^* Aural Catarrh in all its varioos forms, and in its oompliovtiona with the throat, ia txaa^ ol.in amannei at once interesting and fsatis- factory. It is qnite, up to the- inmcovemow^B of the present day.'* — Cincinnati Lancet. Helmholtz, H., Professor of Physiology in the TTniversfty of Berlin, Pmasia. THE MECHANISM OF THE OSSICLES OF THE EAR AND MEMBRANA TYM- PANI. Translated from the Qerman, with the Author's Permission, by Albert H. Buck and Normand Smh?, of New York. One volnme, octavo, 09 pages, illustrated, muslin. Price, $l.d5. PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. 33 Diseases of the Ear^ Throat and Kose. Boosa, B. B. St. John, M.D., Professor of Dineoses of the Eye and Ear in the University of the City of New York ; Snrgeon to the Man- hattan Eye and Ear HoKpital : Consulting Surfreon to the Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital : formerly President of the Medical Society of the State of New York ; Corresponding Member of the Medico- Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh ; Member of the Medical Society of the County of Kew York, etc. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF THE EAR, INCLUDING THE ANATOMY OF TJHE ORGAN. Sixth Edition. One volume, 8vo, 740 pages. Illustrated by 140 wood-engravings and chromo-lithographs. Price, muslin, f5.50; leather, $6.50. " If any one has the right to speak authori- tatively upon otological matters, it is Dr. Roosa, for it is he who, more than any one else, has made known to the American medi- cal profession the general principles of treat- ment of aural diseases ; and it is safe to say that no book upon any special subject has been more widely distributed throughout the country than has his admirable treatise. If this work be carefully studied, it will be seen that two main ideas run through ths whole of what has been written ; first, that a skilful treatment of ear-troubles involves a consum* mate knowledge of general medicine ; second, that the measure of success is determined by the thoroughness which the practitioner brings to the examination of his cases, before apply- ing his simple armamentarium. ** It is carefully inculcated that nothing is to be done without a knowledge of what is re- quired, and that practice ' in the dark ' (tenta- tive practice) is less justifiable in this branch of medicine than in any other."-— TAe Medical Mecord, Bosworth; Franke Huntington, M.D., Lecturer on Diseases of the Throat in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and Physician in Charge of the Clinic for Diseases of the Throat in the Out-Door Depnitinent of Bellevue Hospital : Fel- low of the New York Academy of Medicine, of the American Laryugulogical Associadon, and Mem- ber of the Medical Society of the County of New York. A MANUAL OF DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND NOSE. One volume, octavo, 448 pages. Illustrated with wood-engravings. Muslin. Price, $3.25. '^A work on this subject, intended more especially for the general practitioner than the ^* The author has done his work well, and in clear and expressive language gives the result of his by no means small experience. . . . The work, like most emanating from the other side of the Atlantic, is well gotten up, paper, type, and woodcuts being excellent." — Edinburgh Medical Journal. ^* The book is an excellent specimen of book making, and Dr. Bosworth has honored him- self and the profession by writing it."— TAc American Practitioner. *' The author gives us a book as instructive as it is interesting, not alone to the specialist, but to the general practitioner as well." — St. Louis Clinical Record. specialist, is what is wanted, and Dr. Bos- worth has been fortunate in the manner in which he has approached the subject. His handling of it, moreover, has been both able and judicious — a statement which an examina- tion of the book is sufficient to substantiate." — Michigan Medical Newn. ''There are a thousand excellent hints in this volume, which is an eminently practical manual, equally creditable to author and nub- Usher, well illustrated, altogether a worK to be recommended to both student and practi- tioner." — The Canada Lancet. Von Troeltsche, A. DISEASES OF THE EAR IN CHILDREN. Price, $1.50. Salter, Henry Hyde, M.D.9 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; Physician to Charing Cross Hospital, and Lecturer on the Principles and Practice of Medicine, at the Charing Crosn Hospital Medical School. ON ASTHMA : ITS PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT. Sold only by subscription. See page 64. See, Germain, Member of the Faculty of Medicine ; Member of the Academy of Medicine ; Physician to the Hotel Dieu, etc., Paris. DISEASES OF THE LUNGS, OF A SPECIFIC, NON-TUBERCULOUS NATURE. Acute Bronchitis, Infectious Pneumonia, Gangrene, Syphilis, Cancer, and Hy- datids of the Lungs. Translated by E. P. HuRD, M.D , Member of the Massa- chusetts Medical Society ; Vice-President of the Essex North District Medical Society ; One of the Physicians to the Anna Jaques Hospital, Newburyport, Mass. With an Appendix by the Translator on the German Theory of Disease, and on the Tubercle Bacillus. Sold by subscription only. See page 51. One of the most valuable works on the subject of recent tunes, fully up to date. 8 34 PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. Diseases of the Ncbsal OavitieSy Larynx^ eto, Semeleder, Dr. Friedrich, Fhygician in Ordinary to hi8 Majesty, the Emperor of Mexico ; Member of the Boyal Medical Society of Vienna and of the Medical Society of Pantheon in Parin ; Formerly Member of the Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna, and Surgeon to the Branch Hospital at Qumpendorf. RHINOSCOPY AND LARYNGOSCOPY ; THEIR VALUE IN PRACTICAL MEDI- CINE. Translated from the German by Edward T. Caswell, M.D. With woodcuts and two chromo-lithographic plates, ^ne volume, octavo, 191 pages, muslin. Price, $8.25. ** In a somewhat careful reading of this of the professional public to whom it comes/' book, we have found much that is of practical value, and we believe this will be the verdict ■New York Medical JoumaL Mackenzie, Morell, M.D.y London. DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX, LARYNX, AND TRACHEA. Illustrated by 112 fine wood-engravings. Sold only hy subscription. See page 56. Bobinson, Beverley, A.M., M.D. (Paris), Lectnrer npon Clinical Medicine nt the Bellevne HoRpitnl Medical College, New York; Ph3raiciaii to St. Luke's and Charity Hospitals, etc. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON NASAL CATARRH. One volume, 8vo, illus- trated Price, muslin, $2.50. "Among the many recent contributions to "The author presentfl, in good readable the literature of the above subject this seems style, his opinions as to the diagnosis and to be superior to them alL " — /Southern Clinic. ' treatment ot this stubborn and disheartening *'The book is well written, concise, clear, ^disease. Aside from the more distinctly pro - and freely illustrated. " — Chicago Medical : f essional snggestions, he gives excellent com- News. ! mon-sense advice in regard to matters not *^Its teachings are mainly original, but a , usually dwelt upon in treatises on disease of free comparison of the methods of other au- the nasal cavity." — American Specialist. thors are discussed in relation to treatment, etc." — Arkansas Medical Monthly, James, Frosser, M.D. LARYNGOSCOPY AND RHINOSCOPY IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND NOSE. Fourth edition, enlarged, one volume, 8vo, 223 pages. Illustrated with, wood-engravings, and five hand-col- ored plates, muslin. Price, $2.25. Jacobi, A., M.D., Clinical Professor of Diseapes of Children in the Collepre of Physicians and Surgeons, New York ; Phy- sician to BelloYue, Moant Sinai, and the Q^rman Hospitals, etc. A TREATISE ON DIPHTHERIA. One volume, octavo, 252 pages, muslin. Price, $2.00. to thoroughly appreciate it, it should be read. *' We regard Dr. Jaoobrs work as one of the most valuable which has recently appeared on the subject." — Michigan Medical I^ews. **The subject is handled by a master, and For this reason, we commend it to the profes- sion, and we guarantee no one will be disap- pointed." — Therapeutic Gazette, PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. 35 Diseases of the Nervous System. Bosenthaly M., M.D.y Professor of Diseases of the Nervous Sjrstem at Vienna. A OLINIOAL TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. With a Preface by Professor Charcot. Translated from the Author's Revised and Enlarged Edition by L. Putzel, M.D., Visiting Physician for Nervous Diseases, Randall's Island Hospital ; Physician to the Class for Nervous Dis- eases, Bellevue Hospital Out-door Department, and Pathologist to the Lunatic Asylum, Black well's Island. Illustrated. One volume, 8vo, 555 pages, muslin. Price, $5.50. *^ For a treatise on diseases of tiie nervous system, there is no work better arranged or more scientifically executed. The author is identified with the more advanced discoveries and researches in this most difficult field of medical science, and we may safely assert that no other book will give more benefit or infor- mation on nervous diseases." — Atlanta Medi- cal and Sfjtrgical Journal. *' Among the merits of this book worthy of special mention are its uniformity of plan and systematic divisions and subdivisions ; the well-chosen amount of space and attention which are devoted to each disease, the careful presentation of the subject of symptomatology, aiagnosis, and pro^osis, and the numerous concise reports of original pathological and his- tological observations." — Philadelphia Medi- cal Times. ^' The book has many merits, and much to commend it to the attention of the profession. This is especially true in regard to the classi- ficati on, thedescription of many diseases, and, on the whole, in regard to treatment." — Ar- chives of Medicine. *^ It is systematically arranged, and is writ- ten in a style that is plain, clear, and forci- ble; is devoid of hypothetical speculations, and startling and remarkable cures." — The Missouri Dental Journal. *' The great advances that have been made in the diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of nervous diseases of late years, have been noted in this treatise, and we cheerfully commend the book to the profession." — Southern Clinic. **The work is one which neurologists will scan with interest." — Medical and Surgical Reporter. ^^ This work of Rosenthal's has been a stand- ard on the diseases of the nervous system in Germany and Austria for a number of years, having gone through several editions. It has been translated into French, and received the commendations of French Neuro-pathologists, especially Professor Charcot, who is the au- thor of a preface to the American translation. The work is, as it purports to be, a clinical one, being especially full in the practical de- ?artments of s3rmptomatology and treatment. ?he pathological descriptions are also made promment, and are unusually clear. The data inmished by clinical observations and patho- logical anatomy are explained as &r as possi- ble by physiology, but Dr. Rosenthal devotes very little space to theories regarding physio- logical mecnanism, differing m this respect from most recent writers on nervous dis- eases." — Toledo Medical and Surgical Jottr^ /lal. Eichhorsty Dr. Hermann, Professor of Special Pathology and Thempeatios and Director of the TJnivorsity Medical Clinki In Zurich. DISEASES OF THE NERVES, MUSCLES, AND SKIN. Dlustrated by one hundred and fifty-seven fine wood-engravings. Being Volume III. of the *< Handbook of Practical Medicine," Sold by subscription only. See page Sd» 36 PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. Diseases of the Nerves^ Apoplexy. Gowers, W. B., M.D., Assistant ProfesRor of Clinical Medicine in TJnivendty College ; Senior Assistant Physician to Univer- sity College Hospital ; Physician to the National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic. EPILEPSY AND OTHER CHRONIC CONVULSIVE DISEASES. Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. Sold by subscription only. See page 51. DIAGNOSIS OF THE DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. Sold by subscription only. See page 51. Bramwelly B., DISEASES OF THE SPINAL CORD. Sold only by sabscriptioit See page Putzely L., M.D., Visiting Physician for Nenrons Diseases, RandalPs Island Hospital ; Physician to the Cla. P. Fowler, M.D. One volume, 8vo, 170 pages, illustrated, muslin. Price, $1.50. ebral convolutions goes, and more attention than usual is given to their structure.^'—* "This is a very thorough and comprehen- sive treatise on the subject of which it treats, thorough and complete as far as the knowledge of the arrangement and morphology of the oer- given Michigan Medical Newt, PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPAISY. 37 Diseases of the Brain^ Idiocy^ etc. Benedikty Moriz, Professor at Vienna. ANATOMICAL STUDIES UPON BRAINS OF CRIMINALS. A CONTRIBUTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY, MEDICINE, JURISPRUDENCE, AND PSYCHOL- OGY. Translated from the German by E. P. Fowler, M.D., New York ; De- partment of Translation, New York Medico-Chirurgical Society. Illustrated with wood-engravings. One volume, 8vo, 185 pages, muslin. Price, $1.50. lack of the sentiment of wrong, thoagh with a clear perception of it, constitute the two principal psychological characterintics of a class to which belongs more than one-half of oondemned criminals. ''He shows deficiencies in the cerebral con- stitntion of criminals, viz. : deficient gyros development, and a consequent excess of fis- sures, which are fundamental defects. These defects are evident throughout the entire ext«nt of the brain'. The work is of great value." — Western Medical Reporter, " It is strictly scientific philanthropy, and reaches to the scope of true humanizing. Comprehending as it does the psychology of onr existence, it lays hold on facts most per- tinent to the welfare of society, individually and collectively. In fact, it opens up a very broad and entirely neglected source of infinite study, and should awaken new research into mental phenomena. *' Dr. Benedikt is of opinion that an inabil- ity to restrain themselves from the repetition of a crime, notwithstanding the full apprecia- tion of the superior power of the law, and a Blandford, O. F., M.D. Oxon. INSANITY AND ITS TREATMENT. Lectures on the Treatment, Medical and Legal, of Insane Patients. Third Edition. To which is added Types of In- sanity, an Illustrated Guide in the Physical Diagnosis of Mental Disease, by Allan McLane Hamilton, M.D., one of the Consulting Physicians to the In- sane Asylums of New York City and the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane. Illustrated by ten plates from photographs of cases selected as types, with descriptive text. g^" Dr. Blandford^s work is considered the best upon the subject. Dr. Hamilton's is a valuable addendiun, containing directions for the examination and commitment of patients. Hamilton, Allan McLane, M.D., One of the Consulting PhyRicians to the Insane Asylums of New York C3Ity, and the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane. •tYPBS OF INSANITY. AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE IN THE PHYSICAL DIAG- NOSIS OF MENTAL DISEASE. Price, $2.60. ^^T A eoUectiofn of ten large plates from photographs of selected cases, with description, text, and an appendix, which will contain directions for the examination and commitment of patientB. This work is a very fine series of studies, beautifully made, mounted on tinted Dourd, and inclosed in a poHfouo envelope. Segnin, Edward, M.D. IDIOCY AND ITS TREATMENT BY THE PHYSIOLOGICAL METHOD. One Yolame, 8vo, 457 pages, muslin. Price, $5.00. ^'Tbis work is well worth the perusal and study of those, and they are many, who have never given the subject a thought. To what "Twoity years ago, Dr. Seguin published fti Paris a treatise on the treatment of idiots, which has since been the best work of author- ity on the subject. He has now published an- ower work on idiocy, embodying in it our present knowledge of the malady, expounding the physiological method of educating idiots, and setting rorth rules of practical treatment ; and finally, pointing out the direction to be f'ven to fatoie scieiiiifio effort.*' — London ancet. extent physiological and moral treatment can go in improving the condition of the idiot^ is here shown, and we think it is a source of in- finite delight to watch the progress from mere animal life to almost the intelligent being, a* has been here shown in Louis Medical Journal, this treatise.** — St, 88 PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. , Beginald, F.B.C.S., Surgeon to the Liverpool Royal Infirmary. Formerly Lecturer on Anatomy and Surgery at the School of Medicine, and Surgeon to tt^e Liverpool Northern Hospital. LECTURES ON THE SURGICAL DISORDERS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. Delivered at the Liverpool Royal Infirmary. One volume, 8vo, 399 pages, illustrated with lithographs and wood-engravings, muslin. Price, $4.25. **This edition of Mr. HarriBon^s lectures has been considerably enlarged. The work treats of stricture and the various methods of treating it, the author taking exception to Dr. Otis* method upon retention of urine, injuries to the urethra, perineal fistulas, etc. The dis- orders of the bladder are quite fully treated of in the latter half of the book, and i)r. Bige- low*s operation, litholapaxy, favorably com- mented on. Injuries and surgery of the kid- neys are considered in Chapters 35 and :^. The work concludes with a full index.*' Coulson, W. J., F.R.C.S. ON THE DISEASES OF THE BLADDER AND PROSTATE GLAND. Sixth edition, revised. One volume, 8vo, 393 pages, handsomely illustrated. Sold by subscription only. See page 55. Neubauer, C, M.D., Professor, Chief of the Agricultural-Chemical Laboratory, and Decent in the Chemical Laboratory in Wiesbaden ; and Vogel, J,, M.D., Professor of Medicine in the University of Halle. A GUIDE TO THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE URINE. Designed for Physicians, Chemists, and Pharmacists. With a Preface by Professor Dr. R. Fresenius. Translated from the seventh enlarged and revised German Edition by Elbridge G. CuTiiER, M.D., Physician to Out-Patients of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Pathologist at the Boston City Hospital, and Assistant in Pathology in the Medical School of Harvard University. Revised by Edward S. Wood, M.D., Professor of Chemistry in the Medical School of Harvard University. In one superb 8vo volume, 551 pages. Profusely illustrated with engravings and four fine chromo-lithographio plates. Price, muslin, $6.00; leather, $7.00. *^ The work, as a whole, supplies an actual want to the profession of this country. The subjects treated of are destined to take a more and more prominent place in the estimation of the coming doctor. The book is a credit to the publisher in its typography and bind- ing." — Toledo Medical and Surgical Journal. *' This monument of the learning and labori- ous industry of German physicists, is doubt- lessly the most complete and comprehensive work of its kind in any langui^e. The micro- scopic illustrations are unsurpassed in perfec- tion. In mechanical execution the book is a beautiful specimen of art. We seldom see a book of any kind with so excellent and sub- stantial a binding." — Pacific Medical and/Sur^ gical Journal, Belfield, W. T., M.D., "pathologist to the Cook County Hospital ; Surgeon to the Genito-Urinary Department, Central Dispen- sary, Chicago ; Physician to the Oakwood Retreat, Greneva, Wis. DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND MALE SEXUAL ORGANS. Sold by sub- scriptiou only. See page 54. HUton, J. L., M.D., M.B.C.S. ON THE PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF GONORRHCEA AND SPER- MATORRHOEA. 8vo, 484 pages, illustrated. Price, extra muslin, $4.00. PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. 39 Disedsea of the Kidneys and Urinary Organs. Gouley, John W. S.j, M.D., Lato Professor of Clinical Surgery and (Jenito-Urinary Diseases in the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of the City of New York ; Surgeon to Bcllevne Hospital ; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine; Member of the New York Pathological Society, of the Medical Society of the County of New York, etc. DISEASES OP THE URINARY ORGANS ; INCJiUDING STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA, AFFECTIONS OF THE PROSTATE, AND STONE IN THE BLADDER. With 103 wood-engravings. One volume, 8vo, 368 pages, muslin. Price, $3.75. Porter, William Henry, M.D., Profeasor of Clinical Medicine and Pathology in the New York Post-Graduate Medicnl School and Hos- pital ; Curator to the Presbyterian Hospital. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON RENAL DISEASES AND URINARY ANALY- SIS. 360 pages, one hundred illustrations. Price, extra muslin, $3.00. '^ Dunne the last ten years he has made over a thouBand post-mortem examinations of both human and animal subjects, with a special view to observing the pathological changes accom- panying the kidney derangement presenting daring life. Such a record as this it would be reprehensible not to place before the p^rof ession, and Dr. Porter has presented it in praiseworthy shape. The book is a more than orainarily valu- able one." — The Medical Age, Fowler, E. P., M.D. SUPPRESSION OP URINE. Clinical Descriptions and Analysis of Symptoms. One volume, 86 pages, illustrated, muslin. Price, $1.50. Millard, H. B., A.M., M.D. A TREATISE ON BRIOHT'S DISEASE OF THE KIDNEYS ; Its Pathology, Di- agnosis and Treatment, with Chapters on the Anatomy of the Kidney, Albu- minuria, and the Urinary Secretion. Second edition. One yolume, 8vo, 278 pages. Illustrated with numerous original lllustrationB. Muslin. Price, $2.50. "It is rare that we find a book so evidently the result of careful, original study, so fresh from the bedside, we may say, as the one be- fore us. Retaining, for reasons which he states, and which are sound, the general term * Bright's Disease,* the author includes in his study the various forms of nephritis, which since the days of Dr. Bright have been recog- nized as simple, acute and chronic, interstitial, croupous, and suppurative." — The Medical and Surgical Reporter^ Philadelphia, Pa. *^ This valuable work contains nearly all that is known in relation to this most fatal disease. This work is fully illustrated by wood -cuts, which are almost entirely original with the author and are very accurate. They, alone, give the reader a very fair idea of tms disease.'^ — Buffalo Physicians^ and Surgeon^ Investigator, "The perusal of this book will make the young physician familiar with the literature and therapeutics of the disease of which it treats without necessitating a laborious re- search through the numerous volumes that have been written on the subject." — Mirror. "The only merit the author claims for this work is that it gives the result of nearly twenty-six years of hospital and private prac- tice, uid of several years^ study in the labora- tory. He is entitled to claim much more. It is decidedly one of the best books upon the Bubiect ever published, and no one can read it without advantage." — The Medical Herald, *• We have derived great pleasure from the perusal of thic work, a pleasure enhanced by the readable type and excellent quality of the paper upon which it is printed. We heartily recommend it to the public." — Canada Prac- titioner. " From stem to stem the book presents a practical and an original character that is truly refreshing to the practitioner." — Missis- sippi Valley Medical Monthly. " Throughout the book he displays a remark- able lucidity which adds greatly to the pleas- ure and profit derived from a perusal of it." — Canada Practitioner. *^ Dr. Millard has gone into the considera- tion of this disease in a very thorough, practi- cal manner. It is a work which will amply repay perusal by any thoughtful student." — Canada Medical Record. "The author has written as one who not only ^has the courage of his opinions,' but also as one who possesses the faculty of ex- pressing them in clear language, and in a style well deserving of imitation by not a few of the fast book-makers of this continent." — Canada Lancet, 40 PUBUCATrONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. Diseases of the Kidneys^ etc. Dickinson, W. ip, M.D., Cantab.y Fellow of the Royal College of PhyBician« ; Phyrician to St. Goorjfe'8 Ho^ital ; Benior Physician to the Hospital for Sick Children ; Oon-eBponding Member of the Academy of Medicine of New York. ON RENAL AND URINARY AFFECTIONS. Tliis volume has just been com- pleted, and concludes the work of which the volume on Albuminuria, published in Wood^s Library for 1881, is the first part. Sold by subscription only. See page 53. Charcot, J. M., M.D.9 Professor in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris ; Physiciiin to the SalpStri^re : Member of the Academy of Medicine, of theCIinicul Society of Ijondon, of the Clinical Society of Bnda-PoBth, of the Sotdety of Natural Sciences, Brussels ; President of the Anatomical Society ; former l^sidcut of the Soci- ety of Biology, etc., etc. LECTURES ON BRIGHT'S DISEASE OF THE KIDNEYS, DELIVERED AT THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE OF PARIS. Collected and published by Drs. BoURNEViLLE and Sevestre, editors of the Progrh Medicul, and translated, with the permission of the author, by Henuy B. Millard, M.D., A.M. Illus- trated with two colored plates and with wood-engravings. One volume, 8va, 100 pages, muslin. Price, $1.50. **The thanks of the profession are due to! "Whatever may bo thought of Professor the translator, Dr. Millard, for the way in ' Charcot's views oi the various forms of renal which be has performed his portion of the ' alteration, none can refuse to him the merit work, and to the pubUshers for the clear type of a profound thinker and a most sagacious and eleeant appearance of the book. It should , observer, the philosophic character of his be read by every ono who desires to be informed ; views being at once a record of the knowledge of the pathology of Bright's disease." — Medical of the day and of the genius of their author." Record, — Cancula Lancet. Alex. W. Stein, M.D., Surgeon to Charity Hospital, (Jenito-Uriuaiy and Venei-eal Division ; Professor of Visceral Anatomy and Physiology at the New York College of Dentistry', etc., etc. A STUDY OF THE TUMORS OF THEBLADDER. With Original Con- ti'ibutions and Drawings. One volume, octavo, 94 pages, muslin, illustrated. Price, $1.50. Stewart, L. Grainger, M.D., F.B.S,E., Fellow of the Royal College of PhysicianR ; Physicinn to the Royal Infirmary ; Lecturer on Clinical Med- idne ; formerly I'HthoIogiBt to the Royal* Infirmary : Lecturer in General Pathology at Surgeons' Hall, and Physician to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children ; Extraordinary Member and formerly President of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BRIGHT'S DISEASE OP THE KIDNEYS. One volume, 8vo, 334 pages, illustrated with seven lithographic plates, cloth. Price, $4.50. **This is a valuable contribution to the Btady of a class of diseases which has enlisted a great amount of laborious investigation dar- ing the last twenty or thirty years. It is an original work, illustrated with plates, exhibit- ing very impressively the morbid changes which the kidneys undergo in the varioas and distinct forms with which the name of Bright is inseparably and honorably associated. . . . " The snbiect throughout is handled by a master mina. To the general practijijoner, and especially to those interested in diseases of the kidneys, the work is invaluable." — Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal. Piffaxd, Henry G., A.M., M.D., Professor of Dermatology, University of the City of New York ; Snrgeou to the Charity Hospital, eta A GUIDE TO URINARY ANALYSIS FOR THE USB OF PHYSICIANS AND STUDENTS. One volume, 8vo, 88 pages, illustrated. Price, $1.25. MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS OF THE SKIN. Sold only by sub- scription. See page 55. PUBLICATIONS OF WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY. 41 Syphilis, Shin Diseases. Vidaly A. (Be Cassis), Surgeon of the Venereal Hospital of Paris. A TREATISE ON VENEREAL DISEASES. Translated, with annotations, by George C. Blackman, M.D., Professor of Surgery in the Medical College of Ohio ; Surgeon to the Commercial Hospital ; Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of Loudon. One volume, 8vo, 499 pages, muslin. Price, $4.50. Morrow, P. A., A.M., M.D., Clinical Professor of Venereal Diseases ; ConHulting Surgeon to the Bellevue Out-door Department, etc. VENEREAL MEMORANDA. A Manual for the Student and Practitioner. (Wood's Pocket Manuals.) Price, muslin, $1.00, DRUG ERUPTIONS. A Clinical Study of the Irritant Effects of Drugs upon the Skin. 8vo, 206 pages, one lithographed plate. Extra muslin. Price, $1.75. "Dr. Morrow's experience and observation | "The RpecialisVs hbrary would be incom- have enabled him to give to the profession a practical and lucid exposition of all the data now known upon this subject." — College Clini- cal Record. "The amount of patience exercised by the author in selecting from the numerous sources of information is wonderful. To this he has added the results of his personal observations, and has made a most useful and readable book. . . . We heartily recommend the work to all those desiring the latest information on this subject. — Canada Lancet. Taylor, E. W., M.D., plete without this admirable book; and the general practitioner, as c manual for ready reference, will find it invaluable. " — American. Prat^itioner and News. **Dr. Morrow has rendered great service to all practitioners of medicine by placing before them in this book a clear and full statement of all that is known of the action of the more im> portant drugs upon the skin, and the etioIogj3r, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the various lesions which they cause. — New York Medical Journal. Surgeon to the Now York Dispensary, Department of Venereal and Skin Diseases, Physician to Charity Hospital, New York. SYPHILITIC LESIONS OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN. One volume, 8vo, 179 pages, muslin. Price, $2.50. Eeyes, E. L., A.M., M.D.y Adjunct Professor of Surgery, and Professor of Dermatology in Bellevne Hospital Medical Ck)Ilege ; Consulting Surgeon to the Charity Hospital ; Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, etc. VENEREAL DISEASES. Sold only by subscription. See page 58. Diday, Paul. ON SYPHILIS IN INFANTS. Translated by Dr. G. Whitley. With Notes and Additions by F. R. Sturgis, M.D. With a colored plate. Sold only by sub- scription. See page 55. In bringing out an American edition of Diday's exceptional work, Dr. Sturgis, in his preface, says : "He believes that this method of annotation will serve to bring out many points in the pathologv and treatment of Infantile Syphilis better than it could have done in an independent work. * Piffard, Henry G., A.M., M.D., CUTANEOUS MEMORANDA. (Wood's Pocket Manuals.) Price, cloth, $1.0a Cazenave and Schedel. MANUAL OF DISEASES OF THE SKIN ; from the French of MM. Cazenave and ScHBDEL, with notes and additions, translated by T. H. Burgess, M.D. Sec- ond American Edition, enlarged and corrected from the last French edition, with additional notes by H. D. Bulkley, M.D., Physician of the New York Hospital ; * Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York ; Lecturer on Dis- eases of the Skin, etc., etc. One volume, 8vo, 348 pages, muslin. Price, $2.00. 42 PUBLICATIONS OF WILUAM WOOD & COMPANY. Shin Diseases^ U. S. I^harmacopoBia. Liveing, Bobert, A.M., and M.D., Cantab., F.B.C.F., Lond^ Lecturer on Dermatology to the Middlegex Hospital Medical School ; Lately Physician to the Middlesex Hospital ; Anther of ** Notes on the Treatment of Skin Diseases,*^ *' Elephantiasi- Graecorum/* etc. A HANDBOOK ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF SKIN DISEASES. One volume, 8vo, 366 pages, muslin. Price, $1.50. ** The work is one which a carefal perusal would enable us to commend even though its field was occupied by others, and as it is alone NOTES ON THE TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES, One volume, 16mo, 127 pages, muslin. Price, $1.00. in the field, we bespeak for it general favor with the profession. ^ — Michigan Medical News. Wilson, Erasmus, F.B.S. THE STUDENT'S BOOK OF CUTANEOUS MEDICINE AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN. One volume, 8vo, 445 pages, muslin. Price, $3.50. The Pharmacopoeia of the United States. Sixth Decennial Revision. By authority of the National Convention for Revising the Pharmacopoeia held at Washington, A.D. 1880. One volume, 8vo, about 500 pages, strongly bound in muslin. Price, $4.00 ; leather, $5.00 ; leather interleaved, $6.00. Unbound, printed ou one side, $5.00. ^* Chief among the improvements which ap- pear in the new Pharmacopoeia is the substi- tution of parts for the old measurements of weights." — American Pharmacist^ New York City. ^^The last edition of the Pharmacopoeia shows abundant evidence that the Committee of Revision have performed their task in no perfunctory manner, but with an industrious and conscientious devotion to the end in view — to make the book a closer approach to per- adulterants." — Medical Counselor^ Grand Rapids. '* The National Pharmacopoeia is the stand- ard authority as to medical preparations. The present revised edition represents the best ef- forts of the best representative men in the pharmaceutical profession of our country." — Louisville Medical News. *' The committee certainly have lived up to their privileges. They have revised it. Com- pared with 1870, it is almost a revolution, not fection than any of its predecessors." — New i a simple revision." — Th£ Medical Advance^ York Medical Journal. I Ann Arbor. *^ In addition to the Pharmacopoeia proper, I ^^ The committee devoted a little more than it containH an historical introduction, notices i two years to the work of revision, and the re- on percolation, temperature, weights and meas- suit of their labor is now before us. On ex- .ures, a list of reagents, tables of elementary substances, thermometrio equivalents, specific gravity, solubiUty, saturation, etc., and sepa- rate lists of articles added and dismissed from the Pharmacopoeia." — Medical and Surgical Reporter. amining the work we are at once struck with the important differences that exist between it and its predecessors." — Medical Record^ January 20, 1883. Fluckiger, A., Ph.D., M.D., Professor in the University at Strassburg ; and Tschirch, Alex., Ph.D., Lecturer on Botany and Pharmacognosy in the University of Berlin. THE PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOGNOSY. An Introduction to the Study of the Crude Substances of the Vegetable Kingdom. Translated from the second and completely revised German edition by Frederick B. Power, Ph.D., Pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy in the University of Wisconsin. 8vo, extra muslin, 310 pages, one hundred and eighty-six illustrations. Price, $3.00. *' American pharmacy can well be congratu- lated upon the addition of this work to its literature, and the modest wish of the trans- lator, that it may receive the appreciation which it merits, should certainly meet with a hearty and spontaneous reponse. — Fharma" ceutische Rundschau* ' "The subject matter of the work, the lucid and attractive manner of its treatment, the literary references, and the handsome illustra- tions, 18(5 in number, all combine to make the work a most valuable one for the study of veg^etable histology, preliminary to that of ma- teria medica." — American Journal of Phar- macy. PUBLICATIONS OF WIMJAM WOOD & COMPANY. 43 Pha/rTOdcopoeia, etc. Edes, Bobert T., A.B., M.D. (Harvard), Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Late Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Navy ; Professor of Materia Medioa in Harvard University ; President of the American Neurolofdoal Association; Corresponding Member of the New York Therapeutical Society ; One of the Visiting Physicians at the Boston City Hospital. THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. Being a condensed statement of the Physiological and Toxic Action, Medicinal Value, Methods of Administration, and Doses of Uie Drugs and Preparations in the Latest Edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia (Apothecaries' and Metric System)) with some remarks on Unofficinal Preparations. One yolamef 8y0y 800 pages, muslin. Price, $3.50. The " Handbook of the United States Pharmacopceia " i« intended to be a com- mentary, from a medical rather than from a pharmaceutic ]M)int of view^ upon the latest edi- tion of that work, which is just CQm{}!eted, and which contains many more changes than have been made in any of the previous revisions. As the Pharmacopoeia now stands, it represents a very extensive pharmaceutic armamen- tarium, embracing all the important introductions to therapeutics of the last ten or perhaps twenty years. It is evident that a complete treatise on therapeutics is not to be looked for in a work of this size, even if the author felt himself confident to write one, but it has been his aim to show, as succinctly as is consistent with clearness, what each drug can do in the treatment of dis- ease, what it may do if not carefully used^ and how far the various preparations are fitted to display its remedial powers. While theories erected upon slender founaations have been gen- erally neglected, the physiological action of drugs has oeen stated, in accordance with recent inyeatienditure of time and labor and without the aid of an instructor." — Chicago Medical Times. " This little work comprises what a voung doctor ought to know about chemistry £)r ^s patients' good. " — Buffalo Med. cmd Snrg. Jbut\ *^ It is bound go as to open from the top, so as to easily lie open on the table, and, as it lies open, the lower pa^e has been left blank for any notes and additions which the student desires to make as he proceeds with his work." — Cobimbus Medical Journal. ^^The student i:} indeed to be congratulated in being able to secure a work of this naUiice prepared bv a teacher of Dr. Draper's experi- ence." — The Medical Age^ Detroit. Pictures for Physicians' OfBlces and Libraries. Edward Jenner, the First Inoculation of Vaccine, May 14th, 1796. Andrew Vesalius. the Anatomist. Spoonful Every Hour. The Sick Wife. Ambrose Pare Demonstrating the Use of Ligatures. The Young Mother. ^ae of each, 19x24 inches. Price, each $2.00. Cataloguefi of these piotarefl will be sent upon applictttioQ. The Village Doctor. The Rebellious Patient. Study in Anatomy. William Harvey Demonstrating the Circu- lation of the Blood. The Anatomical Lecture. The Accident. 46 PUBLICATIONS OF WIUJAM WOOD k COMPANY. Miscellaneous. Farkes, E., M.D. A MANUAL OP PRAC?nCAL HYGIENE. Edited by F. S. B. Francois de Chaumont, M.D. Sixth edition. With an Appendix. Giving the American practice in matters relating to liygiene. Prepared by and under the supervision of Frederick N. Owen, Civiland Sanitary Engineer. Two volumes in one, 8vo, 946 pages. Illustrated with nine full page plates, and fine wood-engrav. ings, muslin binding. Price, $5.00. Sternberg, G. KL, M.D. BACTERIA. By Dr. Antoine Magnin, of Paris, and George M. Sternberg, M.D., P.R.M.8., Major and Surgeon, U. S. Army. One volume, 8vo, 494 pages. Illustrated with twelve full-page plates, including heliotype and lithographic reproductions of photo-micrographs. Muslin. Pricei $4.00. Sternberg, G. M., M.D. MALARIA AND MALARIAL DISEASES. One volume, 8vo, B32 pages. Muslin binding. Sold by subscription only. See page 54. Visiting List (Medical Record), or Physician^s Diary. Containing all the valuable features of previous publications of this sort. Prices : For thirty patients a week» handsome red or black leather binding, wallet style, with or without dates, $1.25 ; for sixty patients a week, same style, with or without dates, $1.50. Hutchinson, Jonathan, F.B.S., THE PEDIGREE OP DISEASE. Being six Lectures on Temperament, Idioeyn- orasy And Diathedfl. Price, in extra mualin, $1.25. Hun, H. A GUIDE TO AMERICAN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN EUROPE. Price, $1.25. Steel, J. H., HB. OUTLINE OP EQUINE ANATOMY. A Manual for the use of Veterinary Students in the Dissecting Room. One volume, 12mo, 312 pages. Muslin. Price, $3.00. Buck, A. IL, M.D. A TREATISE ON HYGIENE AND PUBLIC HEALTH. By various authors. Ed- ited by Albert H. Buck, M.D., New York. In two volumes, royal 8vo, 702 and 657 pages. Illustrated by numerous wood-engravings. (Subscription.) Price, per volume, in muslin binding, $5.00 ; in leather, $6.00 ; and in mo- rocco, $7*50. Hospital Plans* FIVE ESSAYS Relatinff to the Construction, Organization, and Management of Hos- pitiils, contributed by their authors for the use of the Johns Hopkins Hospital of Baltimore. One volume, 8vo, 553 pages. Illustrated by lithographic plans. Muslin. Price, $6.00. Johnson and Martin. THE INFLUENCE OF TROPICAL CLIMATES ON EUROPEAN CONSTITU- TIONS. By James Johnson, M.D., and Jam£s Ranald Martin, Esq. From the sixth London edition, with notes by an American physician. One volume, 8vo, 624 pages. Muslin. Price, $3.00. Kirby, P. 0., M.B. A TREATISE ON VETERINARY MEDICINE. As Applied to the Diseases and Injuries of the Horse. Compiled from Standard and Modem Authorities. One volume, 882 pages. Dlustrated by four chromo-lithographic plates, containing numerous figures, and one hundred and sixty-eight fine wood-engravings. Sold bjr Mubeoriptiou only. See page 55« The works enumerated on the followingr pages are SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY BY Messrs. William Wood and Company Or their authorized Agents. Special Catalogues, Prospectuses, Circu- lars, etc., giving full details respecting their Publication, together with Specimens of their pages, etc., will be sent to any address upon application to the Publishers. MEDICAL JOURNALS PUBLISHED BY William Wood and Company, 66 and 68 Lafayette F*lace, New Yorlc. THE MEDICAL RECORD. A Weekly Journal of Medicine and Surgery. Edited by OEOBOE F. 8HBADT, A.M., M.D., Surgeon to St. Francis Hospital, Consult- ing Surgeon to the Hospital for Buptored and Crippled, New York. Boyal octavo. Price $5.00 a year. Circulation, ovor half a million copies annually. The Medical Becord is the best known and most popular medical newspaper pabUshed tn the United States. It presents a faithful weekly record of the existing state of Medical Science throughout the world, and in consequence of its high scientiflc character and practical value has gained the countenance and support of the profession, to the extent that it may be justly consid- ered the representative medical journal of America. Issued weekly, its form and arrangement permit a rapid and satisfactory perusal of its con- tents —a feature in scientific literature which no one appreciates more highly than the physician, and which journals issued at longer intervals seldom afford. The Information contained in its columns is of the most practical and reliable sort, always keeping in view the requirements of the general practitioner, and maintaining that standard of excellence to be possessed only by an independent and thoroughly scientific jonmaL Illustrations of a superior quality are introduced in the text whenever necessary, and excel- lence in typographical execution is earnestly sought by the publishers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS And Diseases of Women and Children. Edited by PAXIL F. MUNDE, M.D., Professor of Oynecology at the New York Polyclinic and at Dartmouth College ; Oynecologist to Mt. Sinai Hospital ; Obstetric Burgeon to Maternity Hospital ; Fellow of the Obstetrical Society of New York, and of the Amer- ican Gynecological Society, et^, etc. CjUaborators *. in London, fiOBSBT BABNE8, M.D.; in Berlin, AUOTTST MABTIN, M.D.; in Paris, PIEBBE BITBIN, M.D. Octavo. Price, $5.00 a year, in advance. This Journal is pre-eminently the accepted organ for communications in its scope ; the original articles which have appeared in its pages include many of the most important contributions to medical Uterature. Every available means, which a liberal outlay of money could employ, has been devoted to its copious iUustration, and its presentation in a form of typographical excel- lence uneqnaled by any medical journal hi the world. Much of the success of the journal is due to the very satisfactory management of the department of Obstetrics and G3niecology by Dr. Paul F. Mundu, and his general supervision of all the literary matter in his capacity as editor-in-chief. The department of Diseases of Children receives the attention which that branch merits and which 18 an important feature of the journal. The assistance of the distinguished gentlemen whose names are associated with that of the editor as collaborators serves as a further assurance, if such need be, of the usefulness of the journal, and is the result of an arrangement which was made in view of the extensive foreign circulation it has acquired. The American Joxtbnal of Obstetrics has 112 pages each number, or, 1,C44 pages in the year, or more than three times the number contained in the first volume. The American Journal of Obstetrics will be sent to paid-up subscribers for the Mbdioai Becobo for $4.00 a year. 4o Journal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary Diseases (ISSUED MONTHLY). Sdited by FBINCE A. MO&BOW, A.M., M.D., Profesior of Ytnereal DiMaset, l^ai- yersity of the City of New York ; Sargeon to Oharity Hospital ; iarg« all students of medical metaphysics. « DISEASES OP THE RECTUM AND ANUS. By CHARLES D. KELSEV, M.D., Surgeon to St. "S Paufs Infirmary ftr Diseases of the Rectum; CunstiWng Sui geon for Diseases of the Rectum^ to $ tke Harlem Hoirpit€tl and Dispensary for Wonien and Children^ eic.^ etc. ON ASTHMA: ITS PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT. By HENRY HYDE SALTOR, M.D., 5 P.R.8., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians ; Physitiayi to Charing Cross Hospital, and Lee- jg turerjm the. Prindoles and Practice of Medicine, at the Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, '** HT'FirRt American from the last English edition. ^ RHEUMATISM, GOUT, AND SOME OF THE ALLIED DISEASES. By MORRIS LONG- ® STBETH, M.D., etc. • 1^^ The work treats the subject It relates to. from an American stand-i)o{nt, the works heretofore in «S the market being of foreign origin. It will, therefore, be a very practical volume, for the use of physi- • clans throughout this conntry. ^ LEGAL MEDICINE. By CHARLES MEYMOTT TIDY, M.B., F.C.S.. Master of Surgery, Professor f^f Chemistry and of Fo7'ensic Medicine and Public Health at the London Hospital, Medical Qfftcer of ^ Health for tsHngtdn, Late Deputy Mediidt Officer of Health and Puhlte Analyst for the City qf Lon- ^ d'W, etc. Volume I. With two colored plates. Contents : Evidence— The Signs of Death — Identity — 'g The Causes of Death— The Post Mortem. S LEGAL MBDIOINB. By CHARUiS MEYMOTT TIDY, M.D., F.C.S., Master of Surgery, Professor fe of CAemisir'y arui of Forensic Mtdfcirie and J*ubli • lleaUh at the London Hospital, Medical Officer oj ^ Health fitr fsiingion. Late Deput'/ Medical Officer of HeaUh and Public Analyst for the City of London, • etc. Volume li. Contents: Expectation of Life— Presumption of Death and Survivorship — Heat and © Cold— -Bums — Ligaturmg — Explo^ives — Starvation — Sex— Monstrosities— Hermaphrodism. g CP" The need for a thorough and exhanaiivc treatise upon this subject from some recognized F authority has long been felt in English speaking conniries. But the labor of preparing such a work is so gtnpendons, roqnirmg such critical acumen ard familiarity with both medicine and law, together with the most patient industry, that even tho«e more or less qualified to undertake the task have held back. It is, therefore, with no little sntisfaction that the publishers have been able to secure this very valuable work foi* the subscribers to Wood's Library of Standard Medical Authors. Each volume is complete vpon the topics of which it treats. Upon completion, subscribers will poasess, at a nominal cost, the fullest and most thorough treatise on the subject of modern times. It will interest onr subscribers to know that the cost of the two Tolomes we now inesenty is, in the original English edition, over f 12.00. j,f. k Catalogue of the Titles of Works published in ffiD's Library of Standard Medical Authors. •9 o Third Serfe§. Price, $1§.00. Toiames not sold separately* • «^ ^ fl 58 u ^ ON ALBUMINTTRIA. By W. H. DICKINSON, M.D. Illaatrated with plain and colored Uthographta li plates and wood eugraVlngs. £ ^^ This is the acknowledged standard npon this interesting subject, and is the most complete B treatise npou it in the langnage. g MATERIA MEDIO A AND THERAPEUTIOS OP THE SKIN. By HENRY G. PIFPARD, A.M., g M.D., Profe>*9or of Dermatology^ Medical Department cf the University qf ine City of New York ; • Surgeon to Charity Hospitah etc, ^ ** Morbi epidermidem, epithelium, cutim, et eelluloiam membranum efflctentes tarn multi ranf, nt vix «■ in ordinem pationtur redifci : ex medicamentis autem qusB maxime ad eorum morborum curationem S nint im usa, hie proponemuR.^ — De Gortkb (1740). u ^E^ This original work is probably one of the most useful books for the general pr;tctitioner ^ over i>nb1ished u))on the subject^ oontainiug as it does a systematically classified mass of the mp&t popu- U liir and recent formulae. 2 A TREATISE ON DISEASES OF THE JOINTS. By RICHARD BARWELL, F.R.O.a Surgeon «* Charing- Croat tiottpitul^ etc. Illubtruceii by numerous engravings on wood. *• ^T" This standard book, just re-written by its distinguished author, is, by special arrangement with M him. publi:ihed in this library iu advance of its appearance in England. • A TREATISE ON THE OONTINXTED FEVERS. By JAMES C. WILSON, M.D., Attending Phy- tf eiciati to the Philadelphia Hospital and to the Hospital qf the Jefferson Medical College^ and L«rturer fl , on Physical Diagnosis at the Jeffereon Medical College, Fellow of the College of Hhyniriuns. Phila- ff >0 deiphta. etc. With an introduction by J. M. DA COSTA, M.D., Professor of the Practice qf Medicine •V* and Clinical Medicine at the Jefferson M*idical Co'lege^ Physician to the Pennxylvania Hospital. Con- ^•5 suiting Physician to the Chi'dren^s ffospitcU, Fellow of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, etc. ►»P, '^W^ It would hardly be pospible to presnnfc to the profession a work of more uTliver^Bl interest ihnn P B this. Tne volamo is specially prepared fur this series, and uecessarily possesses great practical value ^ * to all pnictitioners of medicine. A MEDIOAL FORMULARY. By LATJRBNOB JOHNSON, A.M., M.D., Feltoto of (he New York Acad uny qf Jttnttcine, etc. ^ff^ IVh a long time since the first publication of Ellis and of Griffiths ; the present modem work fH * win, thereforo, be peculi.*irly acceptable. 5 £ THE DISEASES OP OLD AGE. By J. M. CHARCOT, M.D., Professor in Faculty of Medicitie qf M m Parts ; Phpsic:an to the Salpttriere ; Member qf the Academy of Medicine ; of tJie Clinical Society qf fk 9 London ; of tlie Clinical Society of Buda-Penth ; qftfie S'lCi^y of Natural Sciem^ts^ Brussels : President A A qf the Awitomical Society, etc., etc. Translated by L. HARRISON HUNT. M.D., with numerous U 5 additions by A. L. LOOMIS, M.D., eta, Professor of Pathtiogv and P/artical Medicitie in the Medi'al ■ Depart^n^tt of the University qfthe CHyof Ac to )V*r*; Consulting Physician in the Charity Hospital ; m to the Bureau of Oat- Door Ralief; tttfie Central Dispensary; VUtting Physician to the Bellevue St HospUil ; to the Mount Si-iai Hospital, etc.. a'c. q ^^ Tliis work is upon a subject little nnderstood, and but little treated of by authors. It will be ■ almost the only book of its kind. •5 OOITLSON ON THE DISEASES OF THE BLADDER AND PROSTRATE GLAND. Sixth S Edition. Kevlsed by WALTER J. COULSON. P.R.C S., Surgeon to St, Peter^s Hospital for Stone, etc.^ and Surgeon to the Lo k HospWil, Hlustrated by wood engravings. e ^i^ This standard work has just been i*evised and is most highly commended by the leading medical ■ journals of England. • - ^ GENERAL MEDIOAL CHEMISTRY. A practical manual for the use of physicians. By R. A. S WITTHAUS, A.M., M.D., Prof^sHor itf Medical Chemistry and Toxicology in the Unin^reify of Ver- A( mont, Member of the Chemical Societies of I'aris and Berlin, New York Academy of Medicine^ etc, • ^^§f^ No medical chemistry especially intended for the use of practising physicians has appeared for a r* long time ; it is therefore believed this '* wiUJUl a want longfeU.^* ARTIFICIAL ANiESTHESIA AND ANJBSTHETIOS. By HENRY M. LYMAN, A.M., M.D., 9 Profetsor of PhysloUtoy and Nervous Disraues in Rush Medical College^ and Professor qf Theory and ^ Practice of Medicine in the Woman''s Medical College, Chicago, HI. a ^^ The first comprehensive and complete treatise upon this comparatively modem and very im- ^ portant subject. g A TREATISE ON FOOD AND DIETETICS. Physiologically and Therapeutically cohsidereil. By F. W. PAV Y, M.D., F.S. Second EdUion. A HANDBOOK OF UTERINE THERAPEUTICS AND DISEASES OF WOMEN. By EDWARD JOHN TILT, M.D. Fourth Edition, DISEASES OP TECB BYE, By HENRY D. N0YE8, M.D., Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, Surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary^ etc. Illus- trated by two chromo-lithi^raphs and numerous wood engravings. ^F" This treatise is written with a special view to the needs of the general practitioner, and treatt the subject in a very plain, practical way. 57 u \ Catalogue of the Titles of the Works published in ffooD's Library of M\im Medical Abtbors. Second Series. Price, f 19.00. Tolumes not sold separately, p 9 VENEREAL DISEASES. By E. L. KEYES, A.M., M.D., A4funet Profeuttr of auroertf, and Prf^femor * €if DernuOologt/ <'« Beitevue Uonpttal Medicai votlege ; CoruuUing Hwrgttm to tke CAarit^ BotpUal ; fel Suryeon to BeiUvue HotpUaL etc. fl ^|r* It maken a handsome volnme of 961 pages, thoroaRhly covering tbe subject. It is written with fl special reference to the needs of tbe phyf4cian in active prac^oe, and is well illnstrated. "5 A HAUDBOOK of physical DIAaNOSIS: Comprising tbe Tbroat, Tborux, nnd Abdomen. By g Db. PAUL GTJTTMAN, J't^ontrlMtcmt in Medicine^ VuiveiHUy of Berlin. Translated from the Tbiid 8 German Edition by ALEX. NAPIER, M.D., Fel. Foe. Phi/itician9 and Surgeon*^ Olagow. American ^ Edition, with u co.ored place and numerous illustrations. • f^ff' This stnndard work, the hiphest nnthority upon the snbject, bait parsed through Reveral editions ^ in Germany, and ha« been translated into French, Itaiian, Russian, Spaniwh, Polish, t.nd English. A * volume of 844 pages. W A TREATISE ON FOREIGN BODIES IN SURGICAL PRACTICE. By ALFRED POULET, M.D.. g Adjutant Surgeon Major, Iiupector of the bUwul Jvr MUitury MedU-ine at Val-de-Grace. Illustrated -. by original wood eugravu:gs. Tran»-latcd from the French. Volume I. S ^^^ This new and practical work upon an entirely new subject is of unusnal interest and value. It ^ is translated by permission of the author, who has revised and corrected it, with additions, esi>ecial)y ^ for this series. This volume is illustrated by nuiny fine engravings. ^ A TREATISE ON FOREIGN BODIES IN SURGICAL PRACTICE, By ALFRED POULET, M.D.. « Adjutant Surg fon^ Major ^ Inepecti/r of the School for MiUtarp Mtdidue at Val-di -Grace. Illustmtcd m by original wood engravings. Volume II. ^ A TREATISE ON COMMON FORMS OF FUNCTIONAL NERVOUS DISEASES. By L. «io PUTZEL, M.D., Vieittng Fhy»ic^n ftr Xervoue Dieeaees^ Handuirn Inland Hospital; I'hyHcian to •»• the Close for yervoue jbieeaue, Bellevue Hospital Out-Door Depot tment ; and J-athohtgiet to the Ln- ^S natic Asylum^ B. I. ^ A ^i^ Tbifl volnme is especiaUy prepared for use of general practitioners, and trents in a practical way P p of the forms of nervous disoiders conmionly met with in practice. It n.ake8 a book of 262 pages. «S tt DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX, LARYNX AND TRACHEA By MORRELL MACKENZIE, S J M.D., London, illustrated by 112 fine wood engravings. lation is made has been «• thoroughly revised and edited by Dr. Paul, and brought down to the present year. ^ THERAPEUTICS. Translated by D. F. LINCOLN, M.D., from the Materia Medica and Therapenlica A< of A. TROSSBaU, M. D., Frofemt»r of Ther-.p^vtics of t'>e FacuUy of Medicine of Parity Physician to • r Hotel Dieu, etc , etc.. U. PIDOUX, M.D., Member of the Academy of Medicine, Parts, etc. etc, and Ai CONSTANTINB PAUL, M. D., Adjunct Ft ofet-sor of the Faculty qf Paris, Physician to the St, Antoine jf Hospital, etc. Ninth Edition, Revised nnd Edited. * Volume II. 9 THERAPEUTICS. Translated by D. F. LINCOLN, M.D., from the Materia Medica and Therapeatics of S A. TROSSEAU, M. D., Professor of Therapeutics of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, Physician to • THotel Dieu, etc., etc., H. PIDOUX, M D., Member of the Academy qf Medicine, Paris, etc., etc., and m CONSTANTINB PAUL, M.D.. Adjunct Professor of the FacuUy ofPariM, Physician to the St. Antoine « Hospital, etc Ninth French Edition, Revised and Edited. Volume III. J| DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE EAR.— By ALBERT H. BUCK, M.D., Itutructor in Otology in the College of Physicians and Surgeon/*^ Neto York; Aural Surgeon to the y. Y. Eye and Ear Infirmary; Editor of Ztemssen'^s Cyclopedia qf the Practice of MedMne^ and Editor of *^A Treatise on Hygiene and Public Health.^* MINOR SURGICAL GYNECOLOGY. By PAUL F. MUNDE, M.D. A Manual of Uterine DiagnoeiB and the Lesser Technicalities of Gynecological Practice, for the Use of the Advanced Student and General Practitioner. In one octavo volume of 393 Pages. With SOO Illustrations. ^IT* This book is intended to contain many hints oonoeming the minor details of praotice in the tnatment of women, commonly overlooked in general treatiaea. It is written eq)ecially for this Ubiary. 98 k Catalogae of the Titles of Works published in WOOD'S LlBMY OF STANDARD MeDICAL AUTHORS. 4 1 £ Fint Series. Price, $18.00. Tolume* not sold separately. » « <2 REST AND FAIN. A Oonrae of Lectures on the Influence of Mechanical and Physiolc^cal Be&t in a the Treatment of Accidents and Surgical Diseases and the DiagnoRtic Value of Fain. By JOHN « HILTON, P.R.S., F.R.C.S. Edited by W. H. A JACOBSON, F.R.C.S. « DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES AND FEBITONEITM. Comprising Articles on— Enteralgia, J by JOHN RICHARD WARDELL, M.D. ; Enteritis, Obstruction of the Bowels, Ulceration of the Bowels, Cancerous and other Growths of the Intestine?, Diseases of the Caecum and Appendix Yermi- formis, by JOHN SYER BRI8T0WB, M.D. ; Colic, Colitis and Dysentery, by J. WARBXJRTON BEOBIE, M.D. ; Diseases of the Rectum and Anns, by THOMAS BLIZZARD CURLING, F.R.S. *, 5 Intestinal Worms, by W. H. RANSOM, M.D. ; Peritonitis, by JOHN RICHARD WARDELL, M.D. ; "** Tubercle of the Peritoneum, Carcinoma of the Peritoneum, AfFections of the Abdominal Lymphatic • Glands and Ascites, by JOHN SYER BRISTOWE, M.D. c m A CLINICAL TREATISE ON DISEASES OF THE LIVER. By DR. FRIED. THEOD. nt FRBRICHS. Translated by CHARLES MURCHISON, M.D. In Three Volumes, Octavo. Volume I. § * Illustrated by a full-page Colored Plate and numerous fine Wood Engravings. .0^ A OLINIOAL TREATISE ON DISEASES OF THE LIVER. By DR. FRIED. THEOD. ^SW FRBRICHS. Translated by CHARLES MURCHISON, M.D. In Three Volumes Octavo. Volume IL e p Illustrated by a fnll-pa?e Plate and numerous fine Wood Engravings. « * A OLINIOAL TREATISE ON DISEASES OF THE LIVER. By DR. FRIED. THEOD. FRER. •0^ ICHS. Translated by CHARLES MURCHISON, M.D. In three volumes, occavo. Volume III. ^ SS Illustrated by a full-page Plate and numerous fine Wood Engravings. «^ MATERIA MEDIOA AND THERAFEX7TI03. (Vegetable Kingdom.) By CHARLES D. F. t* tm PHILLIPS, M.D,, F.R.C.S.E., Lecturer on Materia Medica at Westminster Hospital^ London. Re- « 2 vised and adapted to the U. 8. Pharmaoopoeia by HENRY G. PIFFARD, A.M., M.D. , Pro/easor of Der- ^ matologUi UntverOtv of the CUv ^f New York, Surgeon to the CharUy Hospital, «agc8. 8= 949 '* »i 14= 911 *» 9= 936 *♦ t» 16= 808 " 10= 583 " tt 16=1,071 »• 11= 636 *' (( 17= 982 ♦* 12= 914 " M 14.696 10,200 O 'ven to 8ubseriber/t above their expeetettionst - - 4,496 pages, or tHe equivalent of 1% volunua of from 600 to 700 pages eacK» To the above is now to be added still another extra volume — viz. : Diseases of the Skin. COISTTEISTTS, Vol tt '.t it tt ^t i tt t( «t tt 1.— Acn'^e Infrctiona DiRcases. Part 1. 2. — Acute Infectious Diseases. Part 2. 3. — Chronic Infectious Diseases. 4. — Diseases of the Kespiratory Orprans. Part 1. 5. — Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. Part 2. 6. — Diseases of the Circulatory Organs. 7. — Diseases of the Chylo|>oetic System. Part 1. 8.— Diseases of the Chylopoetic System. Part 2, 9. — Diseases of the Liver and Portal Vein. 10.— Diseases of the Female Sexnal Organs. 11. — Diseases of the Peripheral Cerebro-Spinal Nerves. Vol tt tt ti tt 12.— DifeasoB of the Brain and its Membranes. 13. — Ui^«!ases of the Spinal Cord and Medulla Oblongata. 14.— Diiiea.-. vfc, : B^nonyml, DeflnltlDuB, ECloloRl', Symp- tonii« Phywital Si^b, D]|Ti7i-nlin.L[)laffjioaiP,Oonipni'ntlonis RequeliB, Tivatmant, SuegBition*, PtMorlptiDnn, KDd obKrvBtlnn.' " tbidiiL of ouDilDnmion.— An Bp[tamy of Hedlosl l>nu:tice.— Eli^iKnllf pniKiK)." Price, tS.GU uel. No diBoanut from tht »bovs for nny nambet of ooplea. THE MEDICAL RECORD TISITIN& LIST. Prlie, ao Pttlentj, il.es ; 6U Patitnts, $1.S0; AddrrI or Perpclnal. ■■ETeryone who bbturtpj (t ppcaXs loaiEly In Its prdiiie.*' EDES' THERAPEUTIO HANDBOOK. PHVSIOLOOtC-AL AND TOXIO ACTION, MEDIOlNAt, Vi:. jil. fined u diiiplB; NITBD STATES I'UABMAOOPfBU ( rt |>nlh««ns»' nilrt Muti-lc Sj Btpn Wltb Kima Bomuki on UHUI'FI'CIAL PREPAltATlDNS, BY ROBERT T. BDES, A.B., M.D. (Harvard). BCD hla A\m to flhon, BB niocliictly ulBCDDElBteiit wlthrleamK^ nhbt ei airuKoc. what iz MAT do ]f DOL oaHtiillj uwd. and Uow far the variouj BOCK'S ATLAS OF IIUMAM ANATOMY. ACCEPTSD AS BT.\.NDARU BY Fnucb, RuHtas, Bngllih, and American Aatborltlei. IIVVALUABLE— coBiuli^ot. Instructor, DoinoDBmi<.r, rrc<.wu» mM Uid Surgeon nho witha \ SVPEItiOU HBSCLT-al > UlnlmBm COSII 88 luperbly Cu.lui^ PIbUb. 362 BOCNO COPIES-Fl'iU» Hinged OB Uatn GgardE. only S15.D0. A TREATISE ON HYGIENE AND PUBLIC HEALTH, itJTKOItS^-JvhB 8. BlliiugB, M.D.; Abreh NlehglK: A.Brmjtin Bull, M.D,; Arthnr V«n Hwlh FtbdoIi H. Brown. !/LD.; Bogu S, Tncy. M,D,: Hmij 0. 9t«tBr ; B(i«ltor W. Itormnirt, I'h,!).; TTMjr. M.D,; a Onkley Vwidur Poal. M,D,: B, S, Herrick, M.D.: AIIbo MoL. a Baunat. M.D,; Tr. 'dprmk B, atnr^a. M .D,; E'- — "'— -- "" " ^\^OOr)'S IN'DEX EERTJM. THE FINEST ABHANGEIIBNT YET DEVISED FOIL ALL TfP1 AT-> V RKCORD ANXy REFKRKNCEl FTIRPOSKS. X\lirX*rofbaeioiial nae in. reooiviiiis jrour-oaHeB. of tn |{''<»ipl'>e Four oases firom youv Chsb 3oolca. BOTJND POR PBBMANANOY IN LEDGER BIKDINO. FRIOE, tSM. ^^For Circulars, free by mail, of any of the above works, send to the Publishers. INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOP^Dli^ ■ SURGERY. fi CONTENTS OF THE VOLUMES. VOZ. T.— GENERAL BT7RQEBT. OPERATIVE. MIHOR, AWD PUSTIP SUBQEHY. AMPIJTAT10S8. INDEX. PAGE. ALL'SN. P. Lectaree on Atinl Oatorrh 83 AMORT, R. Eltctrolysis 6 ANATOMICAL REMEMBBANOER 2 ASHBY, H. Memoranda of Physiology 17 ASHHuRST, J. The International Kncyclo- paidia of Surgery 25 BARWELIi, R. A Treatise on Diseases of the Joints 4 BEARD ft ROCKWELL. Medical and Surgi- cal Uses of Blectricity 5 BEDFORD, 0-. S. The Principles and Practice of Obstetrics. 26 Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of Women and Children 26 BELFIELD, W. T. Diseases of the Urinary and Male Sexual Organs 2^8 BELL, A. N. Climatology 17 BENBDIKT, M. Anatomical Stndics upon Brains of Criminals ; S7 BENNETT, J. H. Clinical Lectures on the Principals and Practice of Medicine.. 8 BIOBLOW, JACOB. Rational Medicine 9 BINZ, O. The Elements of Therapeutics 16 BLANDFORD, G. F. Insanity 37 BLYTH, A. W. Poisons : Their Effects and Detection 22 BOOK, O. E. Atlas of Human Anatomy with Explanatory Text 2 BODENHAMER, W. Practical Observations on Anal Fissure Ip ... An ^say on Rectal Medication I'i Oa the Hemorrhoidal Disease Vi — — — The Physical Exploration of the Rectum. . 13 aOSWORT^ F. H. Diseases of the Throat and Nose 83 BSAMWELL, B. The Diseases of the Spinal Cord 86 BRAUN, C. R. Uraemic Ci>nvulHionH 27 BR18T0WE, V7ARDELL, and OTHERS. Diseases of the Intestines and Pcsrito- neum 8 BROOELESB7. J. The Amateur Micro- copist. 21 BROWN, BE. E. Report on Quarantine on the Southern and Gulf Coa&ts of the United States 16 BROWN, W. S. A Clinical Handbook on tho Diseases of Women 28 BtTOE, A. BE. A Treatise on Hygiene and Pub- lic Health 46 ---- — Diagnosis and Treatment of Ear Diseases. Si BURRAUi, F. A Asiatic Cholera 16 BYFORD, W. H. A Treatise on the Theory and Practioo of Obstetrics 27 OARNOOHAN, J. M. Conarenltal Dislocations of the Head of Femur. 23 CARPENTER, W. B. The Microscope and Its Revelations 21 CARPENTER, W. M. An Index of Medi- cine 10 OAZENAVB and SOHEDEL. Biannal of Diiteases of the Skin 41 CHAPMAN,E. N. Hystcrology 27 CHARCOT, J. M. Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of Old A.^ 6 — Lecture on Bright's Diseaso 40 Lectures on Lpcalization in Diseases of tho Rrnln 37 CLARE, W. F. A Manual of the Practice of Surgery 23 CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS 9 OOM8TOCK and COMINGS Principlefl of Physiology 17 COOK, W. Wilderness Cure. C0R80N. J. W. On the Treatment of Pleurisy. 12 OCOLSON J07. J. Bladder and Prostate Gland. 88 OUBTlBy B. Manual of General Medicinal Technology 9 PAOX. DELAFIELD, F. Studies in Pathological An- atomy 8 DELAFIELD and PRITDDEN. Pathological Anatomy and Histology 3 DELAFIELD and STILLMAN. A Manual of Physical Diagnosis 16 DE WEOKERL. Ocular Therapeutics 82 DIOKINSON, W. H. On Renal and Urinary Affections 40 DIDAY, P. A Treatise on Syphilis in New-bom Children 41 DRAPER, J. C. Laboratory Course in Medical Chemistry 45 DUJARDIN-BEAUMETZ. Stomach and In- testines ................. 8 DWiaHT, T. Frozen Sections of a Child ..'.!.. 80 EDSS, R. T. Therapeutic Handbook of the United States Pharmacopoeia 43 EIOHHORST, H. Handbook of Medicine 8 ELLIS and FORD. Uiu-tration-s of Di*?cotion8 2 ELLIS, E. Diseases of Children, with Formulary 29 EMMET, T. A Vesicovaginal Fistula 28 ERB, W. l'3Iectro-Therapeutics 6 ERIGHSEN, J. B. On ConciifSHion of the Spine 36 FLUOKIGEH and TSOHIROH, Pharmacog- nosy 49 FOOTS, J. Ophthalmic Memoranda 30 Pharmacopa-ia and Universal Formulary . 43 FOTHERGrILL, J. M. Indigestion, Bilious- nes.^, and Oout 14 Manujil of Dietetics 22 FOWLER, E. P. Supprefision of Urine 89 FRERIOHS, F. T. Dipeanes of the Liver 8 FRBY, H. The Microscope and Microscopical Technology 21 FRITSOH, H. Diseases of Women 28 GARRIGUESjH. J. Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts 2tt GAHROD, A. B. Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics 14 GODDARD, P. B. The Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of Human Teeth 24 GOULEY. J. W. S. Diseases of the Urinary Orprans 89 GOWERS, W. R. Epilepsy, etc 86 Dia.arnosi8 of Brain Disease 86 GRAHAM, D. A Pmctical Treatise on Mas- sage 6 GREGORY, G. Lectures on the Emptive Fevers 7 GRIESINGER, W. Mental Pathology and Therapeutics 20 GUTTMAN, P. A Handbook of Physical Diag- nosis 16 HAMILTON, A. McL. Types of Insanity. ... 37 HAMILTON, F. H. The Principles and Prac- tict! of Surgery 29 HARRISON, R. The Surgical Disorders of the Urinary Organs 88 HART aid BAltBOUR. Manual of Gynecology 28 HELMHOLTZ, H. The Ossicles of the Ear and Membrana Tympani 32 HENOOEt, E. Lectures on Disea.ses of Children .30 HILTON. J. On Rest and Pain 8 HIPPOCRATE S. Wo rks of 15 HOLDEN and SUUTER Human Osteology . H HOLMES, T. A System of Surgery by Various Writers 23 HOOPER'S PHYSICIAN'S VADE ME- CUM. A Mnnnal of the IMnoiples and Practice of Physic 9 HOSPITAL PLANS. ..: 46 HOUSEHOLD PRAOTIOE (see Wood's House- hold Practice). HUDSON, E. D. Jr. Diagnosis of Thoradc Die- ease I9 HUN, H. A Guide to American Medical Stu- dents in Europe 46 64 INDEX. PAOK. HUTCHINSON, JONATHAN. "The Pedi- gree of Disease *' 46 INGALS, E. F. Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Chest, Thioat, and Nasal Cavities 12 JACOBI, A. A Treatise on Diphtheria 84 JAMES, P. Laryngoscopy and Rhinoscopy 84 JOHNSON, L. A Medical Formulary 43 A Medical Botany 17 JOHNSON and MARTIN. The Inflaence of Tropical Climates on European Consti- tutions 46 EEETLE £, 0. B. An Index of Surgery 22 KELSEY^.B. Diseases of the Rectum and Anns. 12 KEYES, E. L. Venereal Diseases 41 KIBBY, F. O. A Treatise on Veterinary Medi- cine 46 KIREE'S HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. 18 LAMBERT, T. S. Primary Systematic Human Physiology, Anatomy, and Hygiene... 18 LEWIN, L. The Incidental Effects of Drugs . . 45 L IDE LL, J. A. Apoplexy 86 LIVEING, R. On Treatment of Skin Diseases. 42 Diagno sis o f Skin Diseases 43 LONGSTRETH, M. Rheumattsm, (}out, and some of the Allied Diseases 4 LOOMIS, A. L. Lectures on Fevers 11 On Diseases of the Respiratory Organs, Heart, and Kidneys 11 A Text-book of Practical Medicine 11 Lesson in Physical Diagnosis 16 LYMAN, H. M. Artificial Ansesthesia and MACKENZIE, M. Diseasesof the Pha^iix, Larynx, and Trachea 84 MACLAGAI^, Rheumatism 4 MAUTHNER. Diseases of the Eye .30 MAY, (C. H.) and MASON, (C. F.) index of Materia Medica and Pi-escription Writ- ing 14 MILLARD. H. B. On Bright's Disease 39 MILLER^ M. N. Practical Microscopy 21 MILTON, J. L. 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